Congenital Defects and Scientific Basis

18 Questions

What is the meaning of the term 'congenital'?

Present at birth

What is an 'anomaly' in the context of congenital defects?

A structural deviation from the norm

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

Genotype refers to genetic constitution, while phenotype refers to observable features

Which of the following is NOT a category of congenital anomalies based on their developmental origin?

Dysfunction

What is a 'sequence' in the context of congenital anomalies?

A single defect leads to a series of consequential defects

Which of the following is NOT a main cause of congenital anomalies?

Maternal age

What percentage of congenital anomalies are estimated to be caused by teratogens?

1-3%

Which of the following is NOT an example of a teratogen that can cause congenital defects?

Maternal exercise

Exposure to teratogens during the embryonic period (2-8 weeks) is most likely to cause:

Structural defects

Talipes, or clubfoot, is an example of a congenital:

Malformation

Amniotic bands are most likely to cause which type of congenital anomaly?

Disruption

DiGeorge Syndrome is caused by a deletion on which chromosome?

Chromosome 22

What does CHARGE in CHARGE Syndrome stand for?

Coloboma, Heart defects, Atresia choanae, Retarded growth, Genital abnormalities, Ear abnormalities

In which region of the spinal cord is Spina bifida most commonly found?

Lumbar

What is particularly affected by alcohol during fetal development?

Neural crest cell migration and brain development

What is the approximate incidence of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorders?

1 in 100 births

What does Congenital Rubella Syndrome primarily affect?

Organs of special senses and heart

What is the primary target of Congenital Rubella Syndrome?