Congenital Anomalies and Hernias

Barrett mucosa is characterized by the presence of intestinal-type columnar epithelial cells, such as goblet cells, replacing the normal squamous esophageal mucosa.

Low grade dysplasia shows basal orientation of nuclei, while high grade dysplasia features nuclei reaching the apex of the epithelial cells.

Esophageal varices develop primarily due to portal hypertension, mainly associated with cirrhosis of the liver.

<p>The most common benign tumors of the esophagus are leiomyomas, which are of smooth muscle origin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The male to female ratio for esophageal carcinoma ranges from 2:1 to 20:1, highlighting a significant gender predisposition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infectious esophagitis commonly arises from herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus infections, especially in immunosuppressed patients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic exposure to mucosal irritants like corrosive acids, alkali, or hot fluids causes inflammation of the esophagus, known as esophagitis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Esophageal carcinoma has a worldwide distribution, with high incidence areas including Central Asia, Northern China, Puerto Rico, and Eastern Europe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ruptured esophageal varices can lead to massive hemorrhage, contributing to a mortality rate of 40% in patients with cirrhosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dysplastic changes in Barrett mucosa indicate an increased risk for progression to esophageal adenocarcinoma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Esophageal atresia is when a noncanalized cord replaces a segment of the esophagus, causing a mechanical obstruction. Complications can include aspiration, suffocation, pneumonia, and severe fluid and electrolyte imbalances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potential causes of esophagitis include acid reflux and infection. Other causes can be chemical irritants or medications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Barrett esophagus occurs when the esophageal lining changes due to chronic acid exposure, leading to intestinal-type epithelium. This condition raises the risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A hiatus hernia occurs when part of the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity, specifically through the esophageal hiatus. This is different from other hernias which typically involve protrusions through muscle or fascial boundaries elsewhere in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neoplastic diseases of the esophagus include benign and malignant tumors, often characterized by abnormal cell growth in the esophageal lining. This can lead to conditions like esophageal cancer, which significantly impacts swallowing and nutrition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ectopic gastric mucosa refers to gastric tissue found in an abnormal location, typically located in the upper third of the esophagus. This condition can lead to symptoms like dysphagia and esophagitis due to acid secretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Achalasia is a condition characterized by the inability of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) to relax, leading to dilation of the esophagus above the LES. It can cause significant swallowing difficulties and esophageal motility problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three major abnormalities associated with esophageal motor dysfunction are aperistalsis, increased muscle wall thickness, and incomplete esophageal relaxation. These issues lead to impaired swallowing and esophageal motility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Surgical repair is the primary intervention for omphalocele, aiming to place the herniated viscera back into the abdominal cavity. Approximately 40% of infants may have other defects requiring additional treatments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A tracheoesophageal fistula allows communication between the esophagus and trachea, leading to the risk of aspiration when feeding. This can cause serious respiratory issues and challenges in infant feeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alcohol and tobacco usage are major risk factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic predisposition is thought to play a minor role compared to dietary and environmental factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fungus-contaminated foods and nitrosamines are prevalent carcinogens in regions like China and South Africa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Human papilloma virus DNA is found in tumors from areas with high incidence rates of esophageal cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>50% of esophageal tumors are located in the middle third.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>60% of tumors are exophytic polypoid lesions, 10% are flat, and 25% are excavated-necrotic ulceration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The overall five-year survival rate for esophageal carcinoma is 5%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Survival is 75% for superficial carcinoma, compared to 25% for those undergoing curative surgery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adenocarcinomas are typically mucin-producing and may exhibit Signet ring types.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adenocarcinomas are more common in men than in women and more frequent in white males than black males.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Achalasia causes severe dysphagia due to the lack of relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A sliding hernia involves the esophagogastric junction moving into the thorax, while a paraesophageal hernia allows part of the stomach to herniate beside the esophagus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microscopic features include inflammatory cells such as eosinophils and neutrophils, basal zone hyperplasia, and elongation of lamina propria papillae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complications from paraesophageal hernias include strangulation or obstruction and may also involve bleeding and perforation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The absence of myenteric ganglia in the body of the esophagus is characteristic of achalasia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two causes include central nervous system depressants and pregnancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It appears as red, velvety mucosa within paler squamous mucosa, often seen as tongues or patches at the GE junction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Basal zone hyperplasia indicates a reactive change in the esophageal epithelium due to inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Approximately 5% of patients with achalasia may develop squamous cell carcinoma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Delayed gastric emptying can increase the volume and pressure within the stomach, contributing to acid reflux.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leiomyomas</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tobacco usage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Middle third</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adenocarcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sepsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>p53 mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blacks compared to Whites</p> Signup and view all the answers