Confounding Variables in Research Studies
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of setting inclusion and exclusion criteria in a study?

  • To ensure identical diagnostic testing
  • To identify prevalence-incidence bias
  • To increase the sample size
  • To reduce selection bias (correct)
  • What type of bias occurs when there is a difference in administration rates of exposed and unexposed cases and controls?

  • Admission rate bias (correct)
  • Prevalence-incidence bias
  • Selection bias
  • Nonresponse bias
  • What is the purpose of stratification in controlling for confounding variables?

  • To identify intentional bias
  • To create subgroups that are more balanced (correct)
  • To create subgroups that are more imbalanced
  • To adjust for nonresponse bias
  • What is the primary goal of regression analysis in controlling for confounding variables?

    <p>To determine if confounders are related to the outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between intentional and unintentional bias?

    <p>Intentional bias is bad, while unintentional bias is preferred</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of matching or adjusting confounding variables?

    <p>To reduce the effect of confounding variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of conceptualization in deductive research?

    <p>To translate portions of an abstract theory into specific variables that can be used in testable hypotheses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of a Type I Error?

    <p>Rejecting a true null hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of operationalizing a concept?

    <p>The creation of a variable with at least two values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of nominal level of measurement?

    <p>It varies in kind or quality but not in amount</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a study, what is the purpose of setting α (alpha) at a certain level?

    <p>To set the probability of a Type I Error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of measurement in research?

    <p>To concern some particular feature of objects or subjects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A study finds a statistically significant difference between two groups with a p-value of 0.03. What can be concluded about the null hypothesis?

    <p>The null hypothesis is false, and the difference is real</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the p-value and α (alpha)?

    <p>The p-value is synonymous with α, as both represent the probability of a Type I Error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of inductive research in terms of conceptualization?

    <p>The making sense of related observations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common characteristic of ratio, interval, and ordinal levels of measurement?

    <p>They are all quantitative levels of measurement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of a Type II Error?

    <p>Failing to reject a false null hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A 95% confidence interval is calculated for a study, and the interval includes 1. What can be concluded about the result?

    <p>The result is not statistically significant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of pilot testing in surveys?

    <p>To reduce measurement error by getting feedback from respondents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of validity is concerned with whether a measure matches the concept it is supposed to represent?

    <p>Content validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the degree to which an instrument produces consistent results?

    <p>Reliability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of an instrument being reliable but not valid?

    <p>It measures what it's not supposed to measure but consistently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of triangulating across several measures?

    <p>To reduce measurement error by averaging out biases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of an instrument being both reliable and valid?

    <p>It's a perfect instrument</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of primary data sources in research studies?

    <p>High level of control with less bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of secondary data sources in research studies?

    <p>Validation may be difficult or impossible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of research study is the patient sample typically heterogeneous?

    <p>Secondary data source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of groups in randomized trials?

    <p>Comparable if data come from randomized trials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an advantage of primary data sources?

    <p>Less expensive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of randomized trials?

    <p>Very expensive and time-consuming</p> Signup and view all the answers

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