30 Questions
What is the primary purpose of setting inclusion and exclusion criteria in a study?
To reduce selection bias
What type of bias occurs when there is a difference in administration rates of exposed and unexposed cases and controls?
Admission rate bias
What is the purpose of stratification in controlling for confounding variables?
To create subgroups that are more balanced
What is the primary goal of regression analysis in controlling for confounding variables?
To determine if confounders are related to the outcome
What is the difference between intentional and unintentional bias?
Intentional bias is bad, while unintentional bias is preferred
What is the purpose of matching or adjusting confounding variables?
To reduce the effect of confounding variables
What is the primary purpose of conceptualization in deductive research?
To translate portions of an abstract theory into specific variables that can be used in testable hypotheses
What is the primary consequence of a Type I Error?
Rejecting a true null hypothesis
What is the result of operationalizing a concept?
The creation of a variable with at least two values
What is the characteristic of nominal level of measurement?
It varies in kind or quality but not in amount
In a study, what is the purpose of setting α (alpha) at a certain level?
To set the probability of a Type I Error
What is the primary purpose of measurement in research?
To concern some particular feature of objects or subjects
A study finds a statistically significant difference between two groups with a p-value of 0.03. What can be concluded about the null hypothesis?
The null hypothesis is false, and the difference is real
What is the relationship between the p-value and α (alpha)?
The p-value is synonymous with α, as both represent the probability of a Type I Error
What is the outcome of inductive research in terms of conceptualization?
The making sense of related observations
What is the common characteristic of ratio, interval, and ordinal levels of measurement?
They are all quantitative levels of measurement
What is the primary consequence of a Type II Error?
Failing to reject a false null hypothesis
A 95% confidence interval is calculated for a study, and the interval includes 1. What can be concluded about the result?
The result is not statistically significant
What is the primary purpose of pilot testing in surveys?
To reduce measurement error by getting feedback from respondents
What type of validity is concerned with whether a measure matches the concept it is supposed to represent?
Content validity
What is the term for the degree to which an instrument produces consistent results?
Reliability
What is the consequence of an instrument being reliable but not valid?
It measures what it's not supposed to measure but consistently
What is the benefit of triangulating across several measures?
To reduce measurement error by averaging out biases
What is the result of an instrument being both reliable and valid?
It's a perfect instrument
What is the primary advantage of primary data sources in research studies?
High level of control with less bias
What is a limitation of secondary data sources in research studies?
Validation may be difficult or impossible
In which type of research study is the patient sample typically heterogeneous?
Secondary data source
What is a characteristic of groups in randomized trials?
Comparable if data come from randomized trials
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of primary data sources?
Less expensive
What is a disadvantage of randomized trials?
Very expensive and time-consuming
Test your understanding of confounding variables and how to assess, correct, control, or adjust for them using methods such as restriction, regression analysis, and stratification. Evaluate your knowledge of inclusion criteria and parameters for eligibility in research studies.
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