Conflict-Sensitive Journalism Tools

Conflict-Sensitive Journalism (CSJ)

• CSJ enhances news coverage through the integration of journalism with conflict analysis.
• It aims to provide deeper insights into conflicts.
• CSJ helps journalists to better understand conflicts using analytical tools.
• CSJ involves reporting conflicts to promote understanding and resolution.

Types of Conflict

• Data Conflict stems from misinformation or differences in interpretation.
• Relationship Conflict arises from poor communication or personal differences.
• Structural Conflict is caused by unequal resource distribution and power imbalances.
• Value Conflict arises from ideological, religious, or cultural differences.
• Interest Conflict results from competition over interests.

CSJ Tools for Better Reporting

• Timeline tracks key events to show patterns and causes.
• CSJ Triangle adapts Galtung's model to explore direct, structural, and cultural dimensions of conflicts.
• Actor's Map identifies all stakeholders to avoid biased narratives.
• Onion Tool uncovers underlying interests and needs behind official statements.

Challenges & Importance

• CSJ requires journalists to go beyond quick quotes and official statements.
• It encourages deeper storytelling that informs public discourse and encourages peacebuilding.

Advertising Literacy

• Advertising Literacy focuses on understanding the role, impact, and persuasive techniques of advertising in media and society.

Types of Advertising

• Commercial Advertising promotes products, services, or brands to generate sales.
• Public Service Announcements (PSAs)/Social Marketing promotes messages that benefit the public, such as health and safety campaigns.

Advertising & Media

• Advertising is a major revenue source for media companies.
• Some countries have government-funded media.
• The Philippine government owns or partly controls several media networks.

Targeting Audiences

• Advertisers use demographics and psychographics to reach specific consumers.
• The AIDA Formula is used in ad creation:
• Attention attracts consumer interest
• Interest showcases features and benefits
• Desire creates a need for the product
• Action encourages purchase or engagement

Advertising's Influence on Media

• Advertisers can influence content, potentially leading to bias in news reporting.
• Advertiser pressure can cause media to avoid controversial topics or prioritize entertainment over serious issues.

Advertising Techniques & Appeals

• Moral Appeals encourage ethical behavior.
• Logical Appeals highlight practicality.
• Emotional Appeals can evoke:
• Fear
• Feel-Good sentiments
• Desire
• Bandwagon effects
• Aspiration

Criticism of Advertising

• It can be intrusive, deceptive, or exploitative.
• It promotes consumer culture that may clash with traditional values.
• Consumers should critically evaluate ads and recognize persuasive techniques.

Definition of Text

• Text is a human-readable sequence of characters used to convey information.
• Text can include phonetic characters, glyphs, and formatted text.

Typography & Typeface

• Typography is the art of arranging text for readability and aesthetic appeal.
• Typeface is the style and design of text.
• Serif has decorative strokes
• Sans Serif has a clean, modern look
• Script & Display Fonts are decorative and artistic

Best Practices for Typography

• Avoid too many typefaces.
• Use proper spacing, alignment, and font size for readability.

Print Design & Advertisements

• Posters and print ads serve as tools for social change and promotion.

Basic Parts of a Print Ad

• Headline captures attention.
• Copy provides persuasive text.
• Visuals enhance appeal.
• Signature includes logos, slogans, and company identification.

Slogan Techniques

• Slogan Techniques include alliteration, rhyme, wordplay, intertextuality, and paradox.

Types of Print Ad Layouts

• Poster Style utilizes a large image with minimal text.
• Mondrian Grid uses geometric shapes and grids.
• Circus Layout includes multiple elements for an energetic design.
• Picture Frame includes text surrounding an image or vice versa.
• Copy-Heavy focuses on extensive written content.
• Montage uses multiple images arranged creatively.
• Combo Layout is a combination of different styles.

Audio-Visual Media

• Audio-visual media combines visual and sound elements to communicate information effectively.

Visual Media

• Employs images to convey information.

Audio Media

• Employs sound to transfer information.

Film Language (Codes & Techniques)

Technical Codes

• Camerawork involves framing, movement, and positioning.
• Editing includes graphic, rhythmic, spatial, and temporal cuts.
• Audio can be diegetic or non-diegetic.
• Lighting highlights scene elements.

Symbolic Codes

• Setting indicates the time and place of the narrative.
• Mise-en-scène involves the arrangement of all elements within the frame.
• Acting includes expressions, body language, and vocal qualities.
• Color is used for symbolism and emotional effects.

Conventions in Media

• Form Conventions are expected structures.
• Story Conventions are narrative structures.
• Genre Conventions are common themes, tropes, and characters within a specific genre.

Cinematography & Composition

• Camera Angles include long shot, medium shot, close-up, and extreme close-up.
• Camera Angles such as low angle and high angle.
• Camera Movements consist of pan, tilt, zoom, and tracking.
• Composition Rules include the Rule of Thirds and Headroom.

Audio Production & Sound Design

• Diegetic sounds are natural sounds in the scene.
• Non-diegetic sounds include background music and voice-overs.
• Sound Transitions include segue, cross-fade, waterfall, and V-fade.

Video Production for Advocacy

• Stages of Production:
• Concept Development
• Pre-Production
• Production
• Post-Production
• Distribution
• Storyboarding is creating a visual script outlining scenes and shots before production.

Intellectual Property (IP)

• Intellectual Property is creations of the mind.
• Types of IP Protection:
• Trademarks
• Copyright
• Patents

Copyright and Related Rights

• Copyright protects authors, musicians, filmmakers, and other creators.
• Rights Under Copyright:
• Economic Rights
• Moral Rights
• Ownership Rules:
• Work for Hire
• Commissioned Works

Copyright Infringement & Fair Use

• Copyright infringement refers to unauthorized usage.
• Fair Use allows limited use for criticism, teaching, research, and commentary.
• Public Domain indicates works available for free use after copyright expires.

Ethical Issues in Media

• Plagiarism is using someone's work without credit.
• Copyright Infringement is using copyrighted material without permission.
• Moral Rights Issues include the right to attribution, integrity, and refusal to have one's name attached to altered work.

Memes and Copyright

• Memes are considered derivative works and can technically violate copyright.
• Parodies are generally protected under fair use, but not all memes qualify.