Conflict-Sensitive Journalism

Summary of Conflict-Sensitive Journalism (CSJ)

• Conflict-Sensitive Journalism (CSJ) integrates journalism with conflict analysis.
• CSJ aims to provide deeper insights into conflicts, not just superficial reporting.
• CSJ helps journalists understand conflicts using analytical tools.
• CSJ reports conflicts promoting understanding and resolution, not just violence.

Types of Conflict

• Data Conflict: Rooted in misinformation or differing interpretations.
• Relationship Conflict: Stems from poor communication or personal differences.
• Structural Conflict: Caused by unequal resource distribution and power imbalances.
• Value Conflict: Arises from ideological, religious, or cultural differences.
• Interest Conflict: Results from competition over interests.

CSJ Tools for Better Reporting

• Timeline: Tracks key events to show patterns and causes.
• CSJ Triangle: Adapts Galtung's model to explore conflict dimensions.
• Actor's Map: Identifies all stakeholders to avoid biased narratives.
• Onion Tool: Unveils underlying interests and needs.

Challenges & Importance of CSJ

• CSJ requires journalists to go beyond superficial statements.
• CSJ promotes deeper storytelling, encouraging peacebuilding.

Summary of Advertising Literacy

• Advertising Literacy focuses on understanding advertising's role, impact, and techniques.

Types of Advertising

• Commercial Advertising: Promotes products, services, or brands for sales.
• Public Service Announcements (PSAs)/Social Marketing: Promotes messages benefiting the public, like health and safety.

Advertising & Media

• Advertising is a major revenue source for media companies.
• Some countries have government-funded media (e.g., BBC, NHK).
• Some governments control media networks.

Targeting Audiences

• Advertisers use demographics and psychographics to reach consumers.
• The AIDA Formula is used in ad creation:
• Attention: Attract Consumer Interest
• Interest: Showcase Features & Benefits
• Desire: Create a need for a product
• Action: Encourage purchase or engagement

Advertising's Influence on Media

• Advertisers can influence content, potentially causing bias.
• Advertiser pressure can lead media to avoid certain topics.

Advertising Techniques & Appeals

• Moral Appeals: Encourage ethical behavior.
• Logical Appeals: Highlight practicality.
• Emotional Appeals:
• Fear: Security, health risks
• Feel-Good: Love, nostalgia, family
• Desire: Adventure, curiosity, sex appeal
• Bandwagon: Trends, humor, pop culture
• Aspiration: Success, beauty, celebrity endorsement

Criticism of Advertising

• Advertising can be intrusive, deceptive, or exploitative.
• Advertising promotes consumer culture conflicting with traditional values.
• Consumers should critically evaluate ads and recognize persuasive techniques.

Summary of Text Media and Information

• Text media is a crucial component of communication and knowledge sharing.

Definition of Text

• Text is a human-readable sequence of characters conveying information.
• Text includes phonetic characters, glyphs, and formatted text.

Typography & Typeface

• Typography: Arranging text for readability and aesthetic appeal.
• Typeface (Font): Categorized into:
• Serif: Has decorative strokes
• Sans Serif: Has a clean and modern look.
• Script & Display: Decorative and artistic fonts
• Best practices to avoid too many typefaces, use proper spacing, alignment, and font size for readability

Print Design & Advertisements

• Posters and print ads serve as tools for social change and promotion.
• Basic parts include Headline, Copy, Visuals, Signature.

Types of Print Ad Layouts

• Poster Style: Large image with minimal text
• Mondrian Grid: Uses geometric shapes and grids
• Circus Layout: Multiple elements for an energetic design
• Picture Frame: Text surrounding an image or vice versa
• Copy-Heavy: Focus on extensive written content
• Montage: Multiple images arranged creatively
• Combo Layout: Combination of different styles

Summary of Audio-Visual Media and Information

• Audio-visual media combines visual and sound to communicate information effectively.

Visual Media

• It uses images to convey information (photography, video, infographics, data visualization, memes).

Audio Media

• It uses sound to transfer information (radio, music, sound recordings, sound effects, podcasts).

Film Language (Codes & Techniques)

• Technical Codes:
• Camerawork: Framing, movement, positioning
• Editing: Graphic, rhythmic, spatial, temporal cuts
• Audio: Diegetic vs non-diegetic
• Lighting: Highlights scene elements
• Symbolic Codes:
• Setting: Time and place of the narrative
• Mise-en-scène: Arrangement of elements within the frame
• Acting: Expressions, body language, vocal qualities
• Color: Symbolism and emotional effects

Conventions in Media

• Form Conventions: Expected structures
• Story Conventions: Narrative structures
• Genre Conventions: Common themes and characters.

Cinematography & Composition

• Camera Angles: Long shot, medium shot, close-up, extreme close-up
• Low angle makes subject look powerful, high angle makes subjects look weak
• Camera Movements: Pan, tilt, zoom, tracking
• Composition Rules:
• Rule of Thirds: Dividing the frame for balanced visuals
• Headroom: Proper spacing between a subject's head and the frame top

Audio Production & Sound Design

• Types of Sound:
• Diegetic: Natural Sounds
• Non-diegetic: Background music, voice-overs
• Sound Transitions: Segue, cross-fade, waterfall, V-fade

Video Production for Advocacy

• Stages of Production:

1. Concept Development: Message and type of video
2. Pre-Production: Planning, scriptwriting, casting
3. Production: Shooting, cinematography, directing
4. Post-Production: Editing, sound design, special effects
5. Distribution: Online platforms or traditional media

• Storyboarding is a visual script outlining scenes and shots before production

Summary of Legal, Ethical, and Societal Issues in Media and Information

• Explores intellectual property rights, copyright laws, ethical considerations, and issues.

Intellectual Property (IP)

• IP is the creations of the mind, such as inventions, literary works, and artistic works.
• Types of IP Protection:
• Trademarks protect brand identifiers
• Copyrights protect original works
• Patents protect new inventions

Copyright and Related Rights

• Copyright protects authors, musicians, filmmakers, and other creators.
• Rights Under Copyright:
• Economic Rights: Owners can reproduce, distribute, and perform their work for profit
• Moral Rights: Creators have the right to be credited and to object to modifications of their work
• Ownership Rules:
• Work for Hire: Employers own copyright if created as part of regular duties
• Commissioned Works: Creators retain copyright unless otherwise agreed

Copyright Infringement & Fair Use

• Copyright infringement is the unauthorized reproduction, distribution, or modification of work
• Fair Use: Allows limited use for criticism, teaching, research, and commentary
• Public Domain: Works available for free use after copyright expires

Ethical Issues in Media

• Plagiarism vs. Copyright Infringement:
• Plagiarism: Using someone's work without credit
• Copyright Infringement: Using copyrighted material without permission
• Moral Rights Issues:
• Right to attribution, integrity, and refusal to have one's name attached to altered work

Memes and Copyright

• Memes are derivative works and can technically violate copyright
• Many content owners allow memes as free promotion, but claims can still occur
• Factors influencing liability:
• If the meme generates revenue
• If it harms the brand or reputation of the copyright holder
• Parodies are generally protected under fair use, but not all memes.