Western Sahara Conflict
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Questions and Answers

What is the name of the Arab organization that sent its Secretary-General to the region in the Western Sahara conflict?

  • Arab League (LAS) (correct)
  • Organization of African Unity (OAU)
  • Saharan Arab Democratic Republic (SADR)
  • African Union (AU)

In what year did the Moroccan March take place in the Western Sahara conflict?

  • 1974-1975
  • 1976-1977
  • October 16, 1975–April 14, 1976 (correct)
  • 1978-1979

Which of the following organizations passed a resolution on October 22, 1975, calling for restraint in the Western Sahara conflict?

  • Organization of African Unity (OAU)
  • African Union (AU)
  • United Nations (UN) (correct)
  • Arab League (LAS)

What was the name of the state established by Polisario in 1976?

<p>Saharan Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many crises were there between Morocco and Polisario-SADR from 1975 to 1989?

<p>10 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the location of the area where Polisario forces achieved a major victory over Moroccan troops?

<p>North of Morocco, in the direction of Western Sahara (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which international organization did Polisario submit documents to, charging collusion between Morocco and South Africa?

<p>Non-Aligned Movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Security Council meetings from June 15 to 25?

<p>No resolution, but continued discussions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Morocco request the indefinite suspension of the Security Council debate on the issue?

<p>Because of a lowering of tensions, since Polisario attacks in June had ceased (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the name of the operation launched by Morocco in March 1980?

<p>Operation Iman (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the Western Sahara conflict despite the presence of three conditions likely to lead to resolution?

<p>unresolved (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many conditions from the Con ct Resolution Model were present in the Western Sahara conflict?

<p>three (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the absence of conflict resolution in the Western Sahara conflict?

<p>incompatible objectives by the principal adversaries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of foreign pressure on the conflict from the late 1980s to 2008?

<p>no significant impact (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the current state of relations between the political regimes and/or societies of Morocco and Polisario-SADR?

<p>no evidence of reconciliation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of Morocco in the Western Sahara conflict?

<p>Formal integration of Western Sahara into Morocco (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the frequency of conflict-sustaining acts in Western Sahara change between 1975 and 1990?

<p>It remained steady with frequent crises (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been the outcome of the two Baker Plans and direct negotiations between 2007-2008?

<p>Unsuccessful attempts at conflict resolution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of Polisario-SADR in the Western Sahara conflict?

<p>Achieving independence for Western Sahara (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the decline in conflict-sustaining acts after 1990 affect the conflict resolution efforts?

<p>It facilitated several attempts at conflict resolution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Western Sahara conflict is a solely intra-state conflict.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The UN Security Council passed a resolution on October 22, 1975, calling for compromise between Morocco and Polisario.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Organization of African Union (OAU) sent its Secretary-General to the region to mediate the crisis.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Western Sahara conflict has been ongoing for over 40 years.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mauritania was not involved in the Western Sahara conflict from the beginning.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Morocco and Polisario sought UN intervention by summoning ambassadors of the five permanent Security Council members to their Foreign Ministry.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Security Council passed a resolution to manage the crisis between Morocco and Polisario.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Polisario submitted documents to the UN, the OAU, and the Non-Aligned Movement, charging Morocco of attacking Western Sahara.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Morocco launched Operation Iman in response to a major victory of Polisario forces over a column of Moroccan troops.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The crisis between Morocco and Polisario was resolved after the Security Council meetings from June 15 to 25.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Western Sahara conflict has been resolved through third-party mediation efforts.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The frequency of conflict-sustaining acts in Western Sahara increased between 1975 and 1990.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Morocco and Polisario-SADR have shown a willingness to compromise on their primary objectives.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The decline in conflict-sustaining acts after 1990 hindered conflict resolution efforts.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Polisario-SADR has maintained control over the disputed territory in Western Sahara.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Western Sahara conflict has been resolved due to the presence of three conditions likely to lead to resolution.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Foreign pressure from the late 1980s to 2008 contributed to the resolution of the Western Sahara conflict.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

There has been reconciliation between the political regimes and/or societies of Morocco and Polisario-SADR.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Three of the six conditions postulated in the Con ct Resolution Model were present in the Western Sahara conflict.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The presence of conditions likely to lead to resolution guarantees conflict resolution.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the June 15 meeting of the Security Council in the context of the Western Sahara conflict?

<p>The meeting sought to manage the crisis through discussions, but no resolution was passed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of Polisario's submission of documents to the UN, the OAU, and the Non-Aligned Movement?

<p>There was no response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of Operation Iman in the context of the Western Sahara conflict?

<p>It was a major crisis for Morocco, precipitated by a major victory of Polisario forces over a column of Moroccan troops.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of Morocco's request for the indefinite suspension of the Security Council debate on the issue?

<p>It constituted negative crisis management.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of Morocco's efforts to clear an area in the north of Morocco, in the direction of Western Sahara?

<p>Polisario forces achieved a major victory over a column of Moroccan troops.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of the United Nations in managing the Western Sahara conflict from its onset in 1975?

<p>The UN was active in attempted multilateral crisis management, with the Security Council passing a resolution calling for restraint and requesting the UN Secretary-General to initiate negotiations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the three principal adversaries involved in the Western Sahara conflict?

<p>The three principal adversaries were Morocco, Polisario (also known as the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR)), and Mauritania (in the early years).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the crisis management efforts by the international community in the Western Sahara conflict?

<p>All crisis management efforts failed due to the refusal of Morocco and Polisario to compromise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year did the Moroccan March take place, and what was the context of this event?

<p>The Moroccan March took place from October 16, 1975, to April 14, 1976, in the context of the Western Sahara conflict.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been the primary objective of Morocco in the Western Sahara conflict?

<p>Formal integration into Morocco</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many crises occurred between Morocco and Polisario-SADR from 1975 to 1990?

<p>10 crises</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the current status of the Western Sahara conflict?

<p>The conflict is currently dormant, having been ongoing for over 43 years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been the outcome of conflict resolution efforts despite the decline in conflict-sustaining acts since 1990?

<p>The goal of conflict resolution remains elusive</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been the primary objective of Polisario-SADR in the Western Sahara conflict?

<p>Independence</p> Signup and view all the answers

What change occurred in the frequency of conflict-sustaining acts in Western Sahara between 1975 and 1990?

<p>A steady flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three conditions from the Conflict Resolution Model that were present in the Western Sahara conflict?

<p>Changes in the Balance of Capability, External Pressures on the adversaries, and a Decline in Conflict-sustaining Acts</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main obstacle to resolving the Western Sahara conflict despite the presence of conducive conditions?

<p>Rigidly incompatible objectives by the principal adversaries, especially Morocco</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the current state of relations between the political regimes and/or societies of Morocco and Polisario-SADR?

<p>There is no evidence of Reconciliation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the foreign pressure on the conflict from the late 1980s to 2008?

<p>It was not sufficient to attain conflict resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the Western Sahara conflict remaining unresolved?

<p>The absence of collective exhaustion by both adversaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Western Sahara Conflict

A prolonged conflict involving Morocco, Polisario, and Mauritania over territorial claims.

Polisario

A liberation movement also known as the Saharan Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).

Crisis Management

Efforts by the UN to mediate and resolve the Western Sahara conflict.

UN Resolution (1975)

A call for restraint and initiation of negotiations passed by the Security Council on Oct 22, 1975.

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Moroccan March

A major event from 1975-1976 demonstrating Morocco's claim over Western Sahara.

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Mediation Attempts

Efforts by UN Secretary-General and others to facilitate dialogue between adversaries.

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Conflict Sustainability

Ongoing actions that perpetuate the conflict, especially in the early years.

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Baker Plans

Attempts in 2001 and 2003 to propose a resolution to the conflict.

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Dormancy of Conflict

Period post-1990 with no military crises between Morocco and Polisario.

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Incompatible Objectives

Morocco's goal for integration vs. Polisario's desire for independence.

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Negotiation Attempts (2007-2008)

Direct peace talks aimed at resolving the Western Sahara conflict.

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Conflict Resolution Obstacles

Challenges such as incompatible goals and lack of exhaustion by parties involved.

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SADR

An acronym for Saharan Arab Democratic Republic, representing Polisario's claim.

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UN Secretary-General's Role

High-ranking official who attempted to mediate between the conflicting parties.

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Arab League Involvement

Sent its Secretary-General for mediation at OAU's request.

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Collective Exhaustion

Scenario where both parties have faced enough conflict and seek peace.

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Security Council Meetings

Discussions held regarding the Western Sahara crisis, particularly in late 1975.

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Conflict Acts Decline (post-1990)

Decrease in hostile actions and military conflicts after 1990.

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Territorial Claims

Morocco seeks incorporation of Western Sahara as part of its territory.

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Political Regime

The governing body of a state, which in this conflict includes Morocco and SADR.

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Unresolved Conflict

The state of ongoing disagreement without resolution between Morocco and Polisario.

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African Union (AU)

Formerly the Organization of African Unity involved in the crisis management.

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Historical Context (1975-1989)

Initial years shaping the crisis, involving key events and international involvement.

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Stalemate

Situation where neither party can gain an advantage, preventing resolution.

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Lessons from Crisis Management

Insights gained from attempts to resolve the conflict and what didn’t work.

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International Mediation

External intervention to help resolve disputes between conflicting parties.

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Enduring Obstacles

Persistent issues that hinder progress in peace processes.

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Peace Talks

Formal discussions aimed at achieving a resolution to conflict.

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Core Objectives

Fundamental goals of the conflict parties—Morocco's integration vs. Polisario’s independence.

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Study Notes

Western Sahara Conflict: Crisis Management and Resolution

  • The Western Sahara conflict, a 43-year-old interstate-intra-state conflict in Africa, involves three principal adversaries: Morocco, Polisario (also known as the Saharan Arab Democratic Republic (SADR)), and Mauritania (in the early years).

Crisis Management (1975-1989)

  • The United Nations was active in attempted multilateral crisis management from the onset of the conflict.
  • The Security Council passed a resolution on October 22, 1975, calling for restraint and requesting the UN Secretary-General to initiate negotiations.
  • Negotiations were conducted on October 26-28, and the Security Council met twice in November.
  • Mediation was attempted by the Secretary-General and his Representative in March-April 1976.
  • The Arab League sent its Secretary-General to the region, at the request of the Organization of African Union (OAU) [later, African Union (AU)].

Crisis Management Failures

  • All attempts at crisis management failed due to the refusal of Morocco and Polisario to compromise.
  • The Moroccan March (October 16, 1975-April 14, 1976) exemplifies negative crisis management.

Reduction in Discordant Objective

  • Both principal adversaries have remained committed to their primary objectives throughout the conflict:
    • Morocco: formal integration into Morocco
    • Polisario-SADR: independence
  • There has never been any reduction in discordance in their diametrically opposed core objectives.

Decline in Conflict-Sustaining Acts

  • During the first 15 years of the unresolved conflict (1975-1990), there was a steady flow of conflict-sustaining acts in Western Sahara.
  • However, since 1990, the conflict has been dormant, with no military-security crises between the principal adversaries.
  • This decline in hostile acts has facilitated several attempts at conflict resolution, including the two Baker Plans in 2001 and 2003, and direct negotiations in 2007-2008.

Obstacles to Conflict Resolution

  • The enduring obstacles to conflict resolution remain:
    • Rigidly incompatible objectives by the principal adversaries, especially Morocco
    • Absence of collective exhaustion by both adversaries
  • As a result, the Western Sahara conflict remains unresolved, with no evidence of reconciliation between the political regimes and/or societies of Morocco and Polisario-SADR.

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Test your knowledge of the Conflict Resolution Model, including the conditions that lead to resolution of interstate protracted conflicts, with a focus on the Western Sahara conflict.

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