Western Sahara Conflict
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Questions and Answers

What is the name of the Arab organization that sent its Secretary-General to the region in the Western Sahara conflict?

  • Arab League (LAS) (correct)
  • Organization of African Unity (OAU)
  • Saharan Arab Democratic Republic (SADR)
  • African Union (AU)

    • In what year did the Moroccan March take place in the Western Sahara conflict?

  • 1974-1975
  • 1976-1977
  • October 16, 1975–April 14, 1976 (correct)
  • 1978-1979

    • Which of the following organizations passed a resolution on October 22, 1975, calling for restraint in the Western Sahara conflict?

  • Organization of African Unity (OAU)
  • African Union (AU)
  • United Nations (UN) (correct)
  • Arab League (LAS)

    • What was the name of the state established by Polisario in 1976?

    <p>Saharan Arab Democratic Republic (SADR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many crises were there between Morocco and Polisario-SADR from 1975 to 1989?

    <p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the location of the area where Polisario forces achieved a major victory over Moroccan troops?

    <p>North of Morocco, in the direction of Western Sahara</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which international organization did Polisario submit documents to, charging collusion between Morocco and South Africa?

    <p>Non-Aligned Movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the Security Council meetings from June 15 to 25?

    <p>No resolution, but continued discussions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did Morocco request the indefinite suspension of the Security Council debate on the issue?

    <p>Because of a lowering of tensions, since Polisario attacks in June had ceased</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the name of the operation launched by Morocco in March 1980?

    <p>Operation Iman</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the Western Sahara conflict despite the presence of three conditions likely to lead to resolution?

    <p>unresolved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many conditions from the Con ct Resolution Model were present in the Western Sahara conflict?

    <p>three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the absence of conflict resolution in the Western Sahara conflict?

    <p>incompatible objectives by the principal adversaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of foreign pressure on the conflict from the late 1980s to 2008?

    <p>no significant impact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current state of relations between the political regimes and/or societies of Morocco and Polisario-SADR?

    <p>no evidence of reconciliation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of Morocco in the Western Sahara conflict?

    <p>Formal integration of Western Sahara into Morocco</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the frequency of conflict-sustaining acts in Western Sahara change between 1975 and 1990?

    <p>It remained steady with frequent crises</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been the outcome of the two Baker Plans and direct negotiations between 2007-2008?

    <p>Unsuccessful attempts at conflict resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of Polisario-SADR in the Western Sahara conflict?

    <p>Achieving independence for Western Sahara</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the decline in conflict-sustaining acts after 1990 affect the conflict resolution efforts?

    <p>It facilitated several attempts at conflict resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Western Sahara conflict is a solely intra-state conflict.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The UN Security Council passed a resolution on October 22, 1975, calling for compromise between Morocco and Polisario.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Organization of African Union (OAU) sent its Secretary-General to the region to mediate the crisis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Western Sahara conflict has been ongoing for over 40 years.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mauritania was not involved in the Western Sahara conflict from the beginning.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Morocco and Polisario sought UN intervention by summoning ambassadors of the five permanent Security Council members to their Foreign Ministry.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Security Council passed a resolution to manage the crisis between Morocco and Polisario.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Polisario submitted documents to the UN, the OAU, and the Non-Aligned Movement, charging Morocco of attacking Western Sahara.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Morocco launched Operation Iman in response to a major victory of Polisario forces over a column of Moroccan troops.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The crisis between Morocco and Polisario was resolved after the Security Council meetings from June 15 to 25.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Western Sahara conflict has been resolved through third-party mediation efforts.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The frequency of conflict-sustaining acts in Western Sahara increased between 1975 and 1990.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Morocco and Polisario-SADR have shown a willingness to compromise on their primary objectives.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The decline in conflict-sustaining acts after 1990 hindered conflict resolution efforts.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Polisario-SADR has maintained control over the disputed territory in Western Sahara.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Western Sahara conflict has been resolved due to the presence of three conditions likely to lead to resolution.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Foreign pressure from the late 1980s to 2008 contributed to the resolution of the Western Sahara conflict.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There has been reconciliation between the political regimes and/or societies of Morocco and Polisario-SADR.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Three of the six conditions postulated in the Con ct Resolution Model were present in the Western Sahara conflict.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of conditions likely to lead to resolution guarantees conflict resolution.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the June 15 meeting of the Security Council in the context of the Western Sahara conflict?

    <p>The meeting sought to manage the crisis through discussions, but no resolution was passed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of Polisario's submission of documents to the UN, the OAU, and the Non-Aligned Movement?

    <p>There was no response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of Operation Iman in the context of the Western Sahara conflict?

    <p>It was a major crisis for Morocco, precipitated by a major victory of Polisario forces over a column of Moroccan troops.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of Morocco's request for the indefinite suspension of the Security Council debate on the issue?

    <p>It constituted negative crisis management.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of Morocco's efforts to clear an area in the north of Morocco, in the direction of Western Sahara?

    <p>Polisario forces achieved a major victory over a column of Moroccan troops.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the role of the United Nations in managing the Western Sahara conflict from its onset in 1975?

    <p>The UN was active in attempted multilateral crisis management, with the Security Council passing a resolution calling for restraint and requesting the UN Secretary-General to initiate negotiations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the three principal adversaries involved in the Western Sahara conflict?

    <p>The three principal adversaries were Morocco, Polisario (also known as the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR)), and Mauritania (in the early years).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the crisis management efforts by the international community in the Western Sahara conflict?

    <p>All crisis management efforts failed due to the refusal of Morocco and Polisario to compromise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year did the Moroccan March take place, and what was the context of this event?

    <p>The Moroccan March took place from October 16, 1975, to April 14, 1976, in the context of the Western Sahara conflict.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been the primary objective of Morocco in the Western Sahara conflict?

    <p>Formal integration into Morocco</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many crises occurred between Morocco and Polisario-SADR from 1975 to 1990?

    <p>10 crises</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current status of the Western Sahara conflict?

    <p>The conflict is currently dormant, having been ongoing for over 43 years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been the outcome of conflict resolution efforts despite the decline in conflict-sustaining acts since 1990?

    <p>The goal of conflict resolution remains elusive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been the primary objective of Polisario-SADR in the Western Sahara conflict?

    <p>Independence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change occurred in the frequency of conflict-sustaining acts in Western Sahara between 1975 and 1990?

    <p>A steady flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three conditions from the Conflict Resolution Model that were present in the Western Sahara conflict?

    <p>Changes in the Balance of Capability, External Pressures on the adversaries, and a Decline in Conflict-sustaining Acts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main obstacle to resolving the Western Sahara conflict despite the presence of conducive conditions?

    <p>Rigidly incompatible objectives by the principal adversaries, especially Morocco</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current state of relations between the political regimes and/or societies of Morocco and Polisario-SADR?

    <p>There is no evidence of Reconciliation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the foreign pressure on the conflict from the late 1980s to 2008?

    <p>It was not sufficient to attain conflict resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the Western Sahara conflict remaining unresolved?

    <p>The absence of collective exhaustion by both adversaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Western Sahara Conflict: Crisis Management and Resolution

    • The Western Sahara conflict, a 43-year-old interstate-intra-state conflict in Africa, involves three principal adversaries: Morocco, Polisario (also known as the Saharan Arab Democratic Republic (SADR)), and Mauritania (in the early years).

    Crisis Management (1975-1989)

    • The United Nations was active in attempted multilateral crisis management from the onset of the conflict.
    • The Security Council passed a resolution on October 22, 1975, calling for restraint and requesting the UN Secretary-General to initiate negotiations.
    • Negotiations were conducted on October 26-28, and the Security Council met twice in November.
    • Mediation was attempted by the Secretary-General and his Representative in March-April 1976.
    • The Arab League sent its Secretary-General to the region, at the request of the Organization of African Union (OAU) [later, African Union (AU)].

    Crisis Management Failures

    • All attempts at crisis management failed due to the refusal of Morocco and Polisario to compromise.
    • The Moroccan March (October 16, 1975-April 14, 1976) exemplifies negative crisis management.

    Reduction in Discordant Objective

    • Both principal adversaries have remained committed to their primary objectives throughout the conflict:
      • Morocco: formal integration into Morocco
      • Polisario-SADR: independence
    • There has never been any reduction in discordance in their diametrically opposed core objectives.

    Decline in Conflict-Sustaining Acts

    • During the first 15 years of the unresolved conflict (1975-1990), there was a steady flow of conflict-sustaining acts in Western Sahara.
    • However, since 1990, the conflict has been dormant, with no military-security crises between the principal adversaries.
    • This decline in hostile acts has facilitated several attempts at conflict resolution, including the two Baker Plans in 2001 and 2003, and direct negotiations in 2007-2008.

    Obstacles to Conflict Resolution

    • The enduring obstacles to conflict resolution remain:
      • Rigidly incompatible objectives by the principal adversaries, especially Morocco
      • Absence of collective exhaustion by both adversaries
    • As a result, the Western Sahara conflict remains unresolved, with no evidence of reconciliation between the political regimes and/or societies of Morocco and Polisario-SADR.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of the Conflict Resolution Model, including the conditions that lead to resolution of interstate protracted conflicts, with a focus on the Western Sahara conflict.

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