Conflict in Middle East History
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Questions and Answers

What was the main purpose of the Husain-McMahon correspondence?

  • To organize a military alliance with France
  • To negotiate peace with the Ottoman Empire
  • To ensure British support for an independent Arab state (correct)
  • To discuss economic cooperation in the Middle East

    • The Sykes-Picot Agreement guaranteed Arab independence.

    False (B)

    Who was the Sherif of Mecca involved in the correspondence?

    Hussein Ali

    The Husain-McMahon correspondence took place between ___ and ____.

    <p>1915, 1916</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area was described as exempted from the Husain-McMahon agreement?

    <p>Palestine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following individuals/terms with their roles or implications:

    <p>Hussein Ali = Sherif of Mecca who sought Arab independence Sir Henry McMahon = British High Commissioner negotiating with Hussein Sykes-Picot Agreement = Divided Middle Eastern territories between Britain and France Balfour Declaration = Expressed support for a Jewish homeland in Palestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    McMahon agreed to grant independence for all Arabic-speaking lands immediately.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Hussein Ali seek from the British government in the correspondence?

    <p>Independence for Arabic-speaking lands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant consequence of the 1948 war for Palestinian Arabs?

    <p>They lost three-quarters of their homeland. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The city of Jerusalem remained completely under Israeli control after the war.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did the Arab states not recognize the legitimacy of Israel after the war?

    <p>They regarded the war as only the first round in the struggle to destroy Israel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By the end of the war, Israel possessed ______ percent of British Palestine.

    <p>77</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following events with their outcomes:

    <p>Israeli victory in 1948 = Control of 77% of Palestine Arab states' division = Lack of united aims Palestinian refugee issue = Dispute between Arabs and Jews UN partition plan = 56% allocated for Jewish state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor contributed to the Israeli military success during the war?

    <p>Military experience from World War II (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most Palestinian Arabs moved back to Palestine after the war ended.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was promised to the Jewish state according to the UN partition plan?

    <p>56 percent of British Palestine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the Balfour Declaration?

    <p>To establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which countries joined together in the attempt to destroy Israel in 1967?

    <p>Iraq, Syria, and Egypt (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Balfour Declaration was issued before World War I.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nasser aimed to regain lost stature through military strength and support from the United States.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major action did Egypt take that constituted a casus belli for Israel?

    <p>Egypt closed the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the author of the Balfour Declaration?

    <p>Arthur Balfour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The League of Nations issued the Mandate for Palestine in __________.

    <p>1923</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Ba'ath Party's ideology was based on Arab __________ and unity.

    <p>independence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following leaders with their countries:

    <p>Nasser = Egypt Aref = Iraq Yasser Arafat = Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) El Fatah = Syria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following agreements/documents with their impacts:

    <p>Balfour Declaration = Support for a Jewish homeland Hussein-McMahon Correspondence = Promised Arab independence Sykes-Picot Agreement = Divided territories between Britain and France UN Partition Plan = Proposed the division of Palestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant event occurred on May 15, 1948?

    <p>End of the British mandate over Palestine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the reasons for the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) becoming stronger?

    <p>Increased influence of the Ba'ath Party (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All Arab countries accepted the UN Partition Plan in November 1947.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Aswan Dam project was completed in 1967.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Nasser decide to do as the political situation appeared favorable in 1967?

    <p>He decided to launch another attack on Israel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one qualification included in the Balfour Declaration?

    <p>To not prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What tactic did the Arab oil-producing countries decide to use against the USA and Western Europe?

    <p>Reduce oil production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) lowered oil prices to combat inflation.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the oil embargo on the US by Arab countries?

    <p>To pressure the US to withdraw support for Israel and restore Palestinian rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The war began on ____ October 1973.

    <p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following individuals with their roles during the conflict:

    <p>Henry Kissinger = US Secretary of State Israeli leaders = Fought to maintain captured territories Arab oil-producing countries = Implemented oil production cuts UN Security Council = Passed Resolution 338 for a ceasefire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country did Israeli forces cross into during the war?

    <p>Egypt (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first meeting between Israeli and Egyptian military leaders occurred before the ceasefire was negotiated.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major event occurred on October 22 regarding the conflict?

    <p>The UN Security Council passed Resolution 338 calling for a ceasefire.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main form of protest during the intifada?

    <p>Strikes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Oslo Accords resulted in both sides completely trusting each other.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the PLO recognize according to the Oslo Accords?

    <p>Israel's right to exist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The intifada began in December _______.

    <p>1987</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the leaders with their roles in the peace process:

    <p>Yitzak Rabin = Prime Minister of Israel Shimon Peres = Foreign Minister of Israel Yasser Arafat = PLO leader Mahmoud Abbas = Arafat's adviser</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action did Israeli troops take in the areas of Jericho and the Gaza Strip as part of the Oslo Accords?

    <p>They withdrew from these areas. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Extremist groups on both sides supported the Oslo Accords.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What year did the Oslo Accords take place?

    <p>1993</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Conflict in Middle East

    • Anglo-Russian Agreement of 1915: Britain and Russia made a secret agreement, leading to Turkey joining forces with Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1914. Russia would annex Constantinople, control Dardanelles, and the Gallipoli peninsula. Russia would agree to British claims on other areas of the former Ottoman Empire and central Persia.

    Post-War Conflict in Palestine

    • Origin of the problem: Jews were driven from Palestine in 71 AD by the Romans. Small communities remained, with a gradual trickle of Jewish returnees over 1700 years.

    • Rise of Zionism: In 1897, the World Zionist Organization was founded at Basel, Switzerland. Zionists believed Jews deserved a national homeland in Palestine. Persecution in Russia, France, and Germany motivated Jews to seek a refuge.

    • British Involvement: In 1917, Arthur Balfour, the British foreign minister, declared support for a Jewish national home in Palestine. After World War I, Palestine became a British mandate. Large numbers of Jews began immigrating, resulting in Arab protests.

    • British Government Stance (1922): The British government stated they did not intend for Jews to occupy all of Palestine and would not interfere with Palestinian Arab rights.

    • Nazi Persecution: The Nazi persecution of Jews in Germany resulted in a huge influx of refugees to Palestine by 1940.

    • Arab Uprisings: Beginning in 1936, there were violent Arab protests and uprisings, suppressed by British forces with casualties exceeding 3000.

    • Peel Commission (1937): The Peel Commission proposed dividing Palestine into separate Arab and Jewish states, but Arabs rejected the idea.

    • British Proposal (1939): The British proposed an independent Arab state in ten years and limited Jewish immigration to 10,000 per year, but Jews rejected this.

    • World War II Impact: World War II created a huge influx of Jewish refugees fleeing Europe, seeking a "national home"

    • UN Partition Plan (1947): The UN voted to divide Palestine, establishing an independent Jewish state.

    • May 1948: Ben Gurion declared the independence of the new state of Israel. Immediately attacked by Egypt, Syria, Jordan, and Iraq, and Lebanon.

    Aims of Arab Nationalism

    • Remove Western Influence: Arab nationalism aimed to end Western influence and dependence on Western powers.

    • Belief in an Arab Nation: An Arab nation existed before the 19th and 20th-century nationalist movements. Islam and Arabic culture unite the Arab people

    • Call for Sovereignty and Unity: Nationalism sought the resurgence of the Arab people and restoration of sovereignty, unity and power. The Arab nationalism movement in the late 18th and early 19th centuries led to Pan-Arabism.

    Zionism

    • Aim of Zionism: To establish a Jewish state in Palestine.

    • Modernization of Hebrew: Zionism modernized Hebrew to make it more accessible and convenient for everyday use.

    • Relocation to the Middle East: Zionism aimed to establish Israel as a central location for Jewish identity. The movement brought more Jews to the Middle East between 1882 and 1914.

    Husain-McMahon Correspondence

    • British Promise: The British promised to recognize an independent Arab state in exchange for the Arabs revolting against Ottoman rule during WWI

    • Contradictory Promises: The British agreements with both the Arabs and the Jews were contradictory and led to disputes over the future of Palestine.

    Sykes-Picot Agreement

    • Secret Agreement: A secret British and French agreement that formally divided the Middle East into spheres of influence.

    • Implications: The implications of the Sykes-Picot Agreement were felt throughout the Middle East.

    Balfour Declaration

    • Public Statement: British government support for the establishment of a Jewish national home in Palestine.

    • Caveats: Acknowledged the rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine.

    First Arab-Israeli Conflict (1948-1949)

    • Cause: Arab nationalism, Zionism, British foreign policy, and the UN Partition plan

    • Outcomes: Mass Arab displacement and the creation of the Palestinian refugee crisis. Arabs lost about 77% of their land to the new nation of Israel. Creation of a separate Palestinian state was never achieved, and many Palestinians became refugees in other Arab countries. The war was a significant political and humanitarian crisis.

    The Suez Crisis (1956)

    • Nationalization of the Suez Canal: Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal, resulting in a crisis.

    • International Involvement: The crisis involved Britain, France, and Israel, alongside strong US intervention to deter the aggression.

    The Yom Kippur War (1973)

    • Cause: Pressure from the PLO, Arab states attempting to regain lost territory.

    • Outcome: Israel countered the Arab attack, and the war ended with a cease-fire.

    Oslo Peace Accords (1993)

    • Recognition of Israel: The PLO formally recognized Israel's right to exist

    • Self-rule in Palestine: The Palestinians were granted limited self-rule in Jericho (West Bank)

    • Controversy: The accords sparked controversy as extremist groups on both sides opposed the agreement

    Camp David Accord (1979)

    • Purpose: To facilitate a peace treaty between Israel and Egypt mediated by the US President

    • Outcome: The treaty marked the first time an Arab nation had made peace with Israel.

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    Conflict In Middle East PDF

    Description

    Explore the historical context of conflict in the Middle East, focusing on key events such as the Anglo-Russian Agreement of 1915 and the rise of Zionism. Understand how British involvement shaped the post-war landscape in Palestine and the roots of enduring tensions in the region.

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