Questions and Answers
What was the main cause of the conflict between Jews and Arabs in the region during the first three decades of the twentieth century?
Zionist attempts to establish their own state
Why were the British authorities caught between conflicting pressures in Palestine?
Promises made to Arabs and Zionists during World War 1
Which event marked the conclusion of the conflict between Jews and Arabs in the region by 1948?
First direct war in 1948
What did the Balfour Declaration entail regarding Palestine?
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Why did the British authorities make commitments to both Arabs and Zionist Jews before World War 1?
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What role did the League of Nations play in shaping the conflict between Jews and Arabs in Palestine?
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What event is referred to as 'al-nakbah' by the Palestinian community?
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Which country administered the Gaza Strip after Israeli Independence in 1948?
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What term do Israelis use to refer to the 1967 war?
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Which region was occupied by the Israeli army by June 10, 1967?
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What was one of the significant outcomes of the 1967 war for Israel?
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In the context of the text, what was a key strategy used by Arab states against the West during the 1973 oil crisis?
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What leverage did Arab oil-producing countries demonstrate over Western economies during the 1973 oil crisis?
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According to Deborah J Gerner's book, what is one point of contention among analysts regarding the events of 1973?
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Who stated that 'Many leading Jews were glad to see the departure of a population which presented an obstacle to Zionist goals'?
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'Made by a European power … about a non-European territory … in a flat disregard of both the presence and wishes of the native majority resident' refers to which historical document?
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Study Notes
The Emergence of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
- The conflict between Jews and Arabs in the region took shape during the early 20th century, culminating in the first direct war in 1948.
- Britain ended its mandate in Palestine in 1948, which had lasted since 1919.
The Balfour Declaration
- The Balfour Declaration was a public pledge by Britain in 1917 to establish “a national home for the Jewish people” in Palestine.
- The declaration was made by Britain's then-foreign secretary, Arthur Balfour, in a letter to Lionel Walter Rothschild, a figurehead of the British Jewish community.
- The declaration promised Jews a land where the natives made up more than 90% of the population.
Israeli Independence and the Palestinian Exodus
- Israel declared Independence on May 15, 1948.
- Palestinians were forced to flee to neighboring countries, referring to this period as ‘al-nakbah’ – the catastrophe.
Post-Independence Division of Territory
- The West Bank and East Jerusalem came under the control of Jordan and its monarch King Abdullah.
- The Egyptian government administered the Gaza Strip from Cairo.
- The rest of the country came within the new Israeli state.
The 1967 War
- The war took place between June 5 and 11, 1967, and lasted only 6 days.
- Participants included Egypt, Jordan, Syria, and other Arab countries.
- The war resulted in Israel occupying the Sinai Peninsula, the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, and the Golan Heights.
Consequences of the 1967 War
- The war increased Israel’s size by six times.
- The US administration was forced to make a serious effort to push for peace between Israel and the Arab states.
- The Gulf states started to use oil prices and boycott as major weapons against the West.
The Oil Embargo and Its Impact
- The oil embargo was intended to achieve a number of goals, including the resolution of the Palestinian issue.
- The embargo made the West aware of the significant leverage the Arab states held over the oil-dependent economies of the capitalist world.
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