Podcast
Questions and Answers
Society is divided into groups with competing ideals and _____
Society is divided into groups with competing ideals and _____
values
The _____ Theory explains the conflict between powerful and less powerful groups in society.
The _____ Theory explains the conflict between powerful and less powerful groups in society.
Conflict
The _____ Threat Hypothesis examines the relation between social group presence and crime control efforts.
The _____ Threat Hypothesis examines the relation between social group presence and crime control efforts.
Racial
According to _____ Theory, law functions for greater public welfare.
According to _____ Theory, law functions for greater public welfare.
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The process of _____ is crucial for teaching and learning social norms.
The process of _____ is crucial for teaching and learning social norms.
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Minority groups seek to increase their ______, economic resources and political influence.
Minority groups seek to increase their ______, economic resources and political influence.
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Whites feel physically threatened and believe their ______ is jeopardized.
Whites feel physically threatened and believe their ______ is jeopardized.
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The first wave of the feminist movement focused on voting, education, and ______.
The first wave of the feminist movement focused on voting, education, and ______.
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The concept of ______ accounts for class, race, and sexuality in understanding identities.
The concept of ______ accounts for class, race, and sexuality in understanding identities.
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Feminist theory highlights the 'major blind spot' of criminology: the failure to recognize the significance of ______ roles in society.
Feminist theory highlights the 'major blind spot' of criminology: the failure to recognize the significance of ______ roles in society.
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Study Notes
Conflict Theory
- Societies are divided into groups with competing values and ideals.
- Powerful groups control society; less powerful groups may still act according to their internal norms.
- If these norms differ from dominant group norms, they may be punished by law.
- Group and cultural conflict explains law, criminal justice, and criminal behaviour.
- Systems of informal and formal mechanisms control deviations and promote conformity.
- Informal mechanisms are administered by family and friends – socialization.
- Formal mechanisms are administered by law.
Consensus & Functionalist Theory
- Consensus theory, by Durkheim, Sumner, and Weber, explains a formal system of laws and enforcement.
Racial Threat Hypothesis (Blumer & Blalock)
- This examines the relationship between the presence of "threatening" social groups and crime control efforts.
- As minority racial groups grow in population.
- Minority groups gain more power, economic resources, and political influence.
- Whites may feel physically threatened, and their power is jeopardized.
- Whites may feel the need to protect their privilege and power.
Feminist Theory (Meda Chesney)
- Meda Chesney wrote the book "Girls, delinquency and juvenile justice."
- The feminist movement has had 3 waves. The first came in the mid-19th century to the 1960s, which demanded and gave voting rights, education, and representation – the suffragists.
- The second wave lasted from the 1960s to the 1970s, demanding social equality; women's reproductive rights (such as Griswold v. Connecticut, which found unconstitutional to prohibit married couples from using contraception, Eisentadt v. Baird, which legalized contraception for all, and Roe v Wade, which legalized access to abortion in the first trimester plus Equal Protection against violence by intimate partners), and related topics.
- The third wave began in the 1990s, arguing against single definitions of femininity, and focused on social construction of gender.
- Intersectionality; class, race, and sexuality were also considered.
Feminist Theory of CJS
- This examines the justice system through a feminist lens.
Developmental & Life Course Theories
- Criminal activity peaks during adolescence, then generally decreases with age.
- This is related to the age crime curve and factors affecting onset, frequency, duration, and desistance.
- Developmental taxonomy theories of crime identify two groups based on developmental stages – life-course persistent and adolescence-limited.
- Life-course persistent offenders, a smaller percentage of youth, may have a biological or genetic basis to their crimes.
Integrating Criminal Theory (Elliott)
- Elliott proposed that theories could be integrated in various ways, either conceptually, propositionally, within-levels or across-levels.
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Description
Explore the nuances of conflict theory and consensus theory, focusing on their implications on societal norms and law enforcement. Understand how group dynamics, power structures, and the racial threat hypothesis shape social behavior and criminal justice.
