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Ontario Hydro Electric Power Commission was formed as the world’s first publicly owned ______.
Ontario Hydro Electric Power Commission was formed as the world’s first publicly owned ______.
power authority
By 1914, Canada experienced an economic slowdown partly due to dropping wheat yields caused by ______.
By 1914, Canada experienced an economic slowdown partly due to dropping wheat yields caused by ______.
drought
In 1876, British Columbia introduced a personal ______ tax.
In 1876, British Columbia introduced a personal ______ tax.
income
The Trades and Labour Congress of Canada (TLC) replaced the Knights of Labor in ______.
The Trades and Labour Congress of Canada (TLC) replaced the Knights of Labor in ______.
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By the end of the war, domestic bonds had raised $______ billion.
By the end of the war, domestic bonds had raised $______ billion.
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The Finance Act of 1914 allowed increased banknote issuance and took Canada off the ______ standard.
The Finance Act of 1914 allowed increased banknote issuance and took Canada off the ______ standard.
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Labour shortages arose despite increased war ______.
Labour shortages arose despite increased war ______.
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In 1916, Canada introduced a business ______ tax.
In 1916, Canada introduced a business ______ tax.
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The ______ Pact signed in 1965 made vehicles and parts duty-free between Canada and the U.S.
The ______ Pact signed in 1965 made vehicles and parts duty-free between Canada and the U.S.
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The Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement (FTA) was signed in ______.
The Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement (FTA) was signed in ______.
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In ______, Canada adopted its current national flag.
In ______, Canada adopted its current national flag.
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The discovery of residential school graves in ______ raised global awareness of Indigenous issues in Canada.
The discovery of residential school graves in ______ raised global awareness of Indigenous issues in Canada.
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Same-sex marriage was legalized in Canada in ______.
Same-sex marriage was legalized in Canada in ______.
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Ottawa had the power to tax through both direct and indirect means, while provinces were limited to ______ taxation.
Ottawa had the power to tax through both direct and indirect means, while provinces were limited to ______ taxation.
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The Dominion Lands Act of 1872 offered settlers land at $10 for ______ acres.
The Dominion Lands Act of 1872 offered settlers land at $10 for ______ acres.
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The Klondike Gold Rush in the 1890s led to significant population growth in the ______.
The Klondike Gold Rush in the 1890s led to significant population growth in the ______.
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By the late 1870s, Canada adopted high ______ as a solution to economic slumps and bank failures.
By the late 1870s, Canada adopted high ______ as a solution to economic slumps and bank failures.
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Macdonald’s National Policy of 1879 aimed to protect domestic industry, construct a railway, and settle the ______.
Macdonald’s National Policy of 1879 aimed to protect domestic industry, construct a railway, and settle the ______.
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The construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway was crucial for connecting the ______ to the rest of the country.
The construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway was crucial for connecting the ______ to the rest of the country.
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In 1870, Britain transferred the Hudson’s Bay Company lands to Canada, leading to the creation of the ______ Territories.
In 1870, Britain transferred the Hudson’s Bay Company lands to Canada, leading to the creation of the ______ Territories.
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Tariff protection created an east-west trade pattern to support the economy through ______ traffic and tariff revenues.
Tariff protection created an east-west trade pattern to support the economy through ______ traffic and tariff revenues.
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Heavy debtloads worsened under ______ pressures.
Heavy debtloads worsened under ______ pressures.
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Wheat was Canada’s largest ______ facing collapsing prices due to overproduction.
Wheat was Canada’s largest ______ facing collapsing prices due to overproduction.
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The U.S. raised interest rates, causing global money supply ______.
The U.S. raised interest rates, causing global money supply ______.
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The global commodity gluts further depressed ______.
The global commodity gluts further depressed ______.
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Bennett’s Conservatives enacted ______ hikes and public works projects.
Bennett’s Conservatives enacted ______ hikes and public works projects.
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The unemployment rate over 20% in Canada disproportionately impacted ______-collar workers.
The unemployment rate over 20% in Canada disproportionately impacted ______-collar workers.
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Relief camps for unemployed men offered ______ cents a day for labor.
Relief camps for unemployed men offered ______ cents a day for labor.
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The ______ View emphasizes the banking system failures as root causes of the Depression.
The ______ View emphasizes the banking system failures as root causes of the Depression.
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Unionism increased under sympathetic government ______.
Unionism increased under sympathetic government ______.
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Rationing of food, gasoline, and imported goods like ______ occurred during wartime.
Rationing of food, gasoline, and imported goods like ______ occurred during wartime.
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Unemployment dropped to ______% as the economy improved.
Unemployment dropped to ______% as the economy improved.
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Heavy manufacturing, steel production, and aircraft building flourished, particularly in ______ Canada.
Heavy manufacturing, steel production, and aircraft building flourished, particularly in ______ Canada.
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Goals of post-war planning included a smooth transition from war to peace without economic ______.
Goals of post-war planning included a smooth transition from war to peace without economic ______.
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The ______ Conference in 1944 established the International Monetary Fund.
The ______ Conference in 1944 established the International Monetary Fund.
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The St. Lawrence Seaway was established in ______, revolutionizing trade logistics.
The St. Lawrence Seaway was established in ______, revolutionizing trade logistics.
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The ______ Highway was a major post-war infrastructure project.
The ______ Highway was a major post-war infrastructure project.
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Canada's exports recovery began improving in ______, driven by U.S. stabilization.
Canada's exports recovery began improving in ______, driven by U.S. stabilization.
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The Treaty of ______ imposed harsh reparations and restrictions on Germany.
The Treaty of ______ imposed harsh reparations and restrictions on Germany.
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Hitler was appointed Reich Chancellor in ______.
Hitler was appointed Reich Chancellor in ______.
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The ______ Act gave the Canadian government control over wages, prices, industries, and strikes.
The ______ Act gave the Canadian government control over wages, prices, industries, and strikes.
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Canada officially declared war on Germany on ______.
Canada officially declared war on Germany on ______.
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Hitler staged the invasion of ______ in 1939 to justify war.
Hitler staged the invasion of ______ in 1939 to justify war.
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Labour shortages in Canada arose as more Canadians ______.
Labour shortages in Canada arose as more Canadians ______.
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The ______ was introduced to finance the war, raising $9 billion through bonds.
The ______ was introduced to finance the war, raising $9 billion through bonds.
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Study Notes
Confederation and the National Policy
- Prior to Confederation, the Canadas (Ontario and Quebec) operated as a customs union with a common external tariff, but lacked a unified internal tariff.
- Nova Scotia and New Brunswick favored free trade with the U.S., while the Canadas and Prince Edward Island opposed it.
- The Maritimes were concerned about high tariffs in the Canadas and proposed alternative unions before joining.
- Colonies experienced significant debt from canal and railway projects.
- Britain's interest in defending the colonies decreased, while colonies desired to secure western territory.
- Newfoundland's interest in Confederation was low, and Maritime merchants feared higher tariffs and neglect.
- Central Canada was a driving force in Confederation, with businesses confident they could capture Maritime markets and develop the west.
- Promises included a railway and the assumption of provincial debt by the federal government.
- The British North America Act (BNA) established Canada, comprising Quebec and Ontario alongside Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.
- Canada became a Dominion on July 1, 1867, led by Sir John A. Macdonald.
- The BNA Act established a federal system of government with powers divided between federal and provincial governments.
- Section 91 outlines federal powers, including trade, taxation, defense, currency, and criminal law.
- Section 92 outlines provincial powers, including property rights, education, and direct taxation.
- Section 95 grants concurrent jurisdiction over agriculture and immigration, while Section 132 gives Ottawa power over treaties.
Influences on the Early Canadian Economy
- British precedents and Central Canada influenced early economic regulations.
- Tariffs included duties on manufactured goods but reduced rates for Maritime provinces to appease them.
- The Bank Act of 1871 granted banks the right to issue notes, establishing national branch banking.
- Ottawa had direct and indirect tax powers, offsetting provincial debts through annual grants.
- The goal was an economic union to balance fiscal equity and ensure economic development.
- Britain transferred the Hudson's Bay Company lands to Canada, leading to the creation of the Northwest Territories and the province of Manitoba in 1870.
- Manitoba's establishment addressed concerns raised by Louis Riel's armed uprising regarding Métis rights.
- The Dominion Lands Act of 1872 offered settlers land, though transportation accessibility was a challenge.
- British Columbia joined Confederation in 1871, with promises of east-west railway completion by 1885. The Klondike Gold Rush later increased Yukon's population.
- Prince Edward Island joined in 1873.
- The National Policy of 1879 aimed to protect domestic industries, build a railway, and facilitate western settlement.
- Tariffs were implemented to protect domestic industries and facilitate railway construction, supporting an east-west trade pattern.
- The Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) was crucial for connecting the west, and Chinese laborers played a significant role.
- The Canadian government encouraged western settlement via land grants, railway land, and school lands, attracting immigrants from Europe and the US.
- By 1911, western Canada contributed significantly to Canada's wheat production.
- The prairie wheat boom (1896-WWI) was characterized by lower transportation costs, increased capital, new technologies, and government support.
- Wheat varieties like Marquis improved crop yields, making wheat a key economic driver in Canada by WWI.
- The wheat industry interconnected Canada's economic regions.
- Growing wheat demand spurred the development of machinery and services.
- Federal grain policies favored domestic trade.
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Description
Explore the complexities of Canadian Confederation and the National Policy. This quiz covers the economic concerns, regional interests, and political dynamics that shaped the unification of the Canadas, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. Test your knowledge on the historical context and decisions influencing Canada's journey towards Confederation.
