Conducting Effective Interviews
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of a pilot study in the data gathering process?

  • To test the effectiveness of the main study (correct)
  • To collect a large amount of data
  • To decide on the number of participants needed
  • To analyze the collected data

    • What type of interview provides a good balance between richness and replicability?

  • Focus group
  • Semi-structured interview (correct)
  • Unstructured interview
  • Structured interview

    • What is the primary advantage of using audio recording in data collection?

  • It provides a permanent record of the data (correct)
  • It is less expensive than other methods
  • It can be used in combination with other methods
  • It allows for easier data analysis

    • What is the main difference between closed and open questions in a questionnaire?

    <p>Closed questions have a predetermined answer format, while open questions do not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of triangulation in data collection?

    <p>To look at data from more than one perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using photographs in data recording?

    <p>It provides a permanent visual record of the data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of interview is characterized by a tightly scripted set of questions?

    <p>Structured interview</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of informed consent in data collection?

    <p>To ensure the participant is aware of the data collection process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using video recording in data collection?

    <p>It can capture non-verbal cues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of setting goals in the data gathering process?

    <p>To define what data to collect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Planning and Running a Successful Data Gathering Program

    • Decide on the goals of the data gathering program and how to analyze the data once collected
    • Identify participants and decide how many are needed
    • Establish a clear and professional relationship with participants
    • Use triangulation to collect data from multiple perspectives and types
    • Conduct a pilot study to trial the main study

    Interviews

    • Unstructured interviews: not scripted, rich but not replicable
    • Structured interviews: tightly scripted, replicable but may lack richness
    • Semi-structured interviews: guided by a script, balance between richness and replicability
    • Focus groups: a group interview

    Interview Questions

    • Open questions: no predetermined format
    • Closed questions: predetermined answer format, e.g., 'yes' or 'no'
    • Avoid long questions, compound sentences, jargon, and leading questions
    • Avoid unconscious biases, e.g., gender stereotypes

    Running the Interview

    • Introduce yourself, explain the goals, reassure about ethics, and ask to record
    • Start with easy questions, then move to the main body, and end with a cool-off period
    • Use digital conferencing systems like Skype, Zoom, email, and smartphones for remote interviews
    • Advantages of remote interviews: participants are more relaxed, no need to travel, and easier to remain anonymous

    Enriching the Interview Process

    • Use props like prototypes and scenarios to prompt the interviewee
    • Questionnaires: can be closed or open, closed questions are easier to analyze

    Questionnaire Design

    • The order of questions can impact the response
    • Use different versions for different populations
    • Provide clear instructions and balance white space with compactness
    • Decide on question and response format: checkboxes, rating scales, open-ended responses
    • Avoid very long questions and questionnaires

    Encouraging a Good Response

    • Make the purpose of the study clear
    • Promise anonymity
    • Ensure the questionnaire is well-designed
    • Offer a short version for those with limited time
    • Follow up with emails, phone calls, or letters
    • Provide an incentive
    • Aim for a 40% response rate

    Online Questionnaires

    • Advantages: easy to distribute, quick responses, no copying and postage costs, data can be collected in a database
    • Problems: sampling is problematic if population size is unknown, preventing individuals from responding multiple times, and individuals changing questions

    Deploying Online Questionnaires

    • Plan the timeline, design offline, and program/complete online template
    • Test the survey to ensure it behaves as expected
    • Test it with a group that will not be part of the survey to ensure clear questions
    • Recruit participants

    Observation

    • Direct observation in the field: structuring frameworks, degree of participation, and ethnography
    • Direct observation in controlled environments: human-computer interaction

    Data Recording

    • Notes, audio, video, and photographs can be used individually or in combination
    • Different challenges and advantages with each type of data recording

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    Description

    Learn how to conduct effective interviews with open-ended questions, avoiding biases and jargon, and ensuring a comfortable conversation.

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