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Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes a sufficient condition?
What is a necessary condition?
In a conditional statement, the sufficient condition refers to the...
What happens if a necessary condition occurs in a conditional relationship?
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Which term represents an event that indicates that another event must also occur?
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If a statement includes 'if...then', it can be understood as...
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Which type of inference is created when the Repeat form simply restates the elements in the original order they appeared?
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What does a mistaken reversal do to a statement in conditional reasoning?
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Which of the following terms is negated and becomes the sufficient condition in the two-step process for 'unless'?
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In conditional reasoning, what does a mistaken negation do to a statement?
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In Conditional Linkage, what is created when an identical condition is sufficient in one statement and necessary in another?
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What happens when a sentence contains either 'unless,' 'except,' 'until,' or 'without' according to the Unless Equation?
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When diagramming either/or statements, what does 'either/or' indicate?
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Which rule governs how conditional reasoning appears in a given sentence?
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What happens if one of the terms in an either/or statement fails to occur?
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'A mistaken Reversal of a given statement and a mistaken negation of that same statement' are described as:
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In the Unless Equation, what happens to the remaining term after the modified term becomes the necessary condition?
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'Either John or Jack will attend the party' represents which type of logical relationship?
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Study Notes
Conditional Reasoning
- A sufficient condition is an event that guarantees the occurrence of another event.
- A necessary condition is an event that must occur for another event to happen.
Conditional Statements
- In a conditional statement, the sufficient condition refers to the "if" clause.
- If a necessary condition occurs in a conditional relationship, the other event must also occur.
Terms and Inferences
- The term that represents an event that indicates that another event must also occur is the sufficient condition.
- A statement with "if...then" can be understood as a conditional statement.
- A Repeat form inference is created when the elements are restated in their original order.
Errors in Conditional Reasoning
- A mistaken reversal of a statement in conditional reasoning swaps the necessary and sufficient conditions.
- A mistaken negation of a statement in conditional reasoning changes the original meaning.
- A mistaken reversal and a mistaken negation of the same statement are described as a "double mistake".
Conditional Linkage and Unless Equation
- In Conditional Linkage, an identical condition is sufficient in one statement and necessary in another.
- When a sentence contains "unless", "except", "until", or "without", the Unless Equation is applied, which negates the term and makes it the necessary condition.
- The remaining term after the modified term becomes the necessary condition in the Unless Equation.
Either/Or Statements
- In diagramming, "either/or" indicates that one or both of the options must occur.
- If one of the terms in an either/or statement fails to occur, the other term must occur.
- "Either John or Jack will attend the party" represents an inclusive "or" logical relationship, meaning one or both of the options can occur.
Rules of Conditional Reasoning
- The Rule of Conditional Reasoning governs how conditional reasoning appears in a given sentence.
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Description
Test your understanding of conditional reasoning and inferences based on statements containing sufficient and necessary conditions. Learn about valid and invalid inferences including the Repeat form and the contrapositive.
