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Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes a sufficient condition?
Which of the following best describes a sufficient condition?
- An event that is required for another event to occur
- An event that may or may not happen after another event occurs
- An event whose occurrence guarantees the occurrence of another event (correct)
- An event whose occurrence indicates the impossibility of another event
What is a necessary condition?
What is a necessary condition?
- An event that is optional for another event to occur
- An event that prevents another event from happening
- An event without which another event cannot happen (correct)
- An event that ensures the occurrence of another event
In a conditional statement, the sufficient condition refers to the...
In a conditional statement, the sufficient condition refers to the...
- Event that is optional for the other event to happen
- Event that prevents the other event from happening
- Event that guarantees the occurrence of the other event (correct)
- Event that may or may not happen after the other event occurs
What happens if a necessary condition occurs in a conditional relationship?
What happens if a necessary condition occurs in a conditional relationship?
Which term represents an event that indicates that another event must also occur?
Which term represents an event that indicates that another event must also occur?
If a statement includes 'if...then', it can be understood as...
If a statement includes 'if...then', it can be understood as...
Which type of inference is created when the Repeat form simply restates the elements in the original order they appeared?
Which type of inference is created when the Repeat form simply restates the elements in the original order they appeared?
What does a mistaken reversal do to a statement in conditional reasoning?
What does a mistaken reversal do to a statement in conditional reasoning?
Which of the following terms is negated and becomes the sufficient condition in the two-step process for 'unless'?
Which of the following terms is negated and becomes the sufficient condition in the two-step process for 'unless'?
In conditional reasoning, what does a mistaken negation do to a statement?
In conditional reasoning, what does a mistaken negation do to a statement?
In Conditional Linkage, what is created when an identical condition is sufficient in one statement and necessary in another?
In Conditional Linkage, what is created when an identical condition is sufficient in one statement and necessary in another?
What happens when a sentence contains either 'unless,' 'except,' 'until,' or 'without' according to the Unless Equation?
What happens when a sentence contains either 'unless,' 'except,' 'until,' or 'without' according to the Unless Equation?
When diagramming either/or statements, what does 'either/or' indicate?
When diagramming either/or statements, what does 'either/or' indicate?
Which rule governs how conditional reasoning appears in a given sentence?
Which rule governs how conditional reasoning appears in a given sentence?
What happens if one of the terms in an either/or statement fails to occur?
What happens if one of the terms in an either/or statement fails to occur?
'A mistaken Reversal of a given statement and a mistaken negation of that same statement' are described as:
'A mistaken Reversal of a given statement and a mistaken negation of that same statement' are described as:
In the Unless Equation, what happens to the remaining term after the modified term becomes the necessary condition?
In the Unless Equation, what happens to the remaining term after the modified term becomes the necessary condition?
'Either John or Jack will attend the party' represents which type of logical relationship?
'Either John or Jack will attend the party' represents which type of logical relationship?
Study Notes
Conditional Reasoning
- A sufficient condition is an event that guarantees the occurrence of another event.
- A necessary condition is an event that must occur for another event to happen.
Conditional Statements
- In a conditional statement, the sufficient condition refers to the "if" clause.
- If a necessary condition occurs in a conditional relationship, the other event must also occur.
Terms and Inferences
- The term that represents an event that indicates that another event must also occur is the sufficient condition.
- A statement with "if...then" can be understood as a conditional statement.
- A Repeat form inference is created when the elements are restated in their original order.
Errors in Conditional Reasoning
- A mistaken reversal of a statement in conditional reasoning swaps the necessary and sufficient conditions.
- A mistaken negation of a statement in conditional reasoning changes the original meaning.
- A mistaken reversal and a mistaken negation of the same statement are described as a "double mistake".
Conditional Linkage and Unless Equation
- In Conditional Linkage, an identical condition is sufficient in one statement and necessary in another.
- When a sentence contains "unless", "except", "until", or "without", the Unless Equation is applied, which negates the term and makes it the necessary condition.
- The remaining term after the modified term becomes the necessary condition in the Unless Equation.
Either/Or Statements
- In diagramming, "either/or" indicates that one or both of the options must occur.
- If one of the terms in an either/or statement fails to occur, the other term must occur.
- "Either John or Jack will attend the party" represents an inclusive "or" logical relationship, meaning one or both of the options can occur.
Rules of Conditional Reasoning
- The Rule of Conditional Reasoning governs how conditional reasoning appears in a given sentence.
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Description
Test your understanding of conditional reasoning and inferences based on statements containing sufficient and necessary conditions. Learn about valid and invalid inferences including the Repeat form and the contrapositive.
