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Questions and Answers
What is the mechanism of polymerization of epoxides when the initiator is a nucleophile?
What is the mechanism of polymerization of epoxides when the initiator is a nucleophile?
What is the purpose of vulcanization in rubber synthesis?
What is the purpose of vulcanization in rubber synthesis?
What type of polymerization occurs when dienes are polymerized using radical polymerization?
What type of polymerization occurs when dienes are polymerized using radical polymerization?
What is the characteristic of a graft copolymer?
What is the characteristic of a graft copolymer?
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What type of polymerization is described in the text?
What type of polymerization is described in the text?
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What is the mechanism of polymerization of epoxides when the initiator is a Lewis acid?
What is the mechanism of polymerization of epoxides when the initiator is a Lewis acid?
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What is the primary difference between nylon 6 and nylon 66?
What is the primary difference between nylon 6 and nylon 66?
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What is the type of polymer formed when only one type of monomer is used?
What is the type of polymer formed when only one type of monomer is used?
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What is the role of the lactam in the synthesis of nylon 6?
What is the role of the lactam in the synthesis of nylon 6?
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What is the term for the process of heating rubber with sulfur to create cross-links?
What is the term for the process of heating rubber with sulfur to create cross-links?
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What type of polymer is Dacron?
What type of polymer is Dacron?
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What is the result of vulcanization on the physical properties of rubber?
What is the result of vulcanization on the physical properties of rubber?
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What is the characteristic of epoxy resins that makes them strong adhesives?
What is the characteristic of epoxy resins that makes them strong adhesives?
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What is the name of the process by which Dacron is formed?
What is the name of the process by which Dacron is formed?
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What is the primary functional group in nylon?
What is the primary functional group in nylon?
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What is the name of the monomer used to form nylon 6?
What is the name of the monomer used to form nylon 6?
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What type of polymerization is characterized by the absence of termination by proton loss from the polymer?
What type of polymerization is characterized by the absence of termination by proton loss from the polymer?
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What is the role of electron-withdrawing groups in anionic polymerization?
What is the role of electron-withdrawing groups in anionic polymerization?
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What is the initiator in anionic polymerization?
What is the initiator in anionic polymerization?
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Why is it difficult for nucleophilic attack to occur on an alkene?
Why is it difficult for nucleophilic attack to occur on an alkene?
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What is the role of surface-absorbed water in the polymerization of methyl α-cyanoacrylate?
What is the role of surface-absorbed water in the polymerization of methyl α-cyanoacrylate?
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What is the name of the polymer formed from methyl α-cyanoacrylate?
What is the name of the polymer formed from methyl α-cyanoacrylate?
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What type of polymerization is characterized by chain termination by proton loss from the polymer?
What type of polymerization is characterized by chain termination by proton loss from the polymer?
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What is the result of the polymerization reaction of methyl α-cyanoacrylate on human skin?
What is the result of the polymerization reaction of methyl α-cyanoacrylate on human skin?
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Study Notes
Condensation Polymers (Step-Growth Polymers)
- Formed by intermolecular reaction of molecules with a functional group at each end, resulting in the loss of a small molecule such as H2O, alcohol, or HCl.
- Can be formed by the reaction of a single compound with two different functional groups, A and B, or by the reaction of two different compounds, one with two A functional groups and the other with two B functional groups.
Classes of Step-Growth Polymers
- Polyamides
- Polyesters
- Epoxy Resins
- Polyurethanes
Polyamides
- Nylon 6 is an example of a step-growth polymer formed from a monomer with two different functional groups, resulting in the formation of an amide.
- Nylon 6 is formed from the polymerization of 6-aminohexanoic acid, which contains six carbons.
- The starting material for the synthesis of nylon 6 is ε-caprolactam.
- Nylon 66 is an example of a step-growth polymer formed by two different bifunctional monomers, adipoyl chloride and 1,6-hexanediamine.
Polyesters
- Polymers containing many ester groups.
- Dacron is the most common polyester polymer, made by the transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol.
- Kodel polyester is formed by the transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with 1,4-di(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexane.
Epoxy Resins
- They are the strongest adhesives known, being extensively cross-linked systems.
- They can adhere to almost any surface and are resistant to solvents and high temperature.
Addition Polymers
Ring-Opening Polymerizations
- Some compounds can polymerize well, rather than ethylene and substituted ethylenes, in chain-growth polymerizations.
- Epoxides undergo chain-growth polymerization, which can occur by an anionic or cationic mechanism.
Polymerization of Dienes
- The manufacture of rubber involves the polymerization of 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene (isoprene).
- Synthetic rubbers can be made by radical polymerization of dienes other than isoprene.
- Natural and synthetic rubbers can be hardened by vulcanization, which involves heating rubber with sulfur, resulting in cross-linking of the separate polymer chains through disulfide bonds.
Copolymers
- Formed by the polymerization of two or more different monomers.
- Can be classified into four types: alternating, block, random, and graft copolymers.
Anionic Polymerization or Living Polymers
- The initiator is a nucleophile that reacts with the monomer to form an anion propagating site.
- The mechanism involves an initiating step and propagation steps.
- Living polymers are most common in anionic polymerization because the chains cannot be terminated by proton loss or by chain combination or disproportionation.
- Examples of alkenes that undergo anionic polymerization include methyl α-cyanoacrylate, which is used to make Super Glue.
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Description
Learn about condensation polymers, also known as step-growth polymers, formed through intermolecular reactions with functional groups at each end. Understand the different ways they can be formed, including the reaction of a single compound with two functional groups or two different compounds.
