Condensation Polymers
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Questions and Answers

What is the mechanism of polymerization of epoxides when the initiator is a nucleophile?

  • Free radical
  • Anionic (correct)
  • Radical
  • Cationic
  • What is the purpose of vulcanization in rubber synthesis?

  • To create a random copolymer
  • To create a block copolymer
  • To increase the molecular weight of the polymer
  • To create cross-links between polymer chains (correct)
  • What type of polymerization occurs when dienes are polymerized using radical polymerization?

  • Step-growth polymerization
  • Chain-growth polymerization (correct)
  • Anionic polymerization
  • Ring-opening polymerization
  • What is the characteristic of a graft copolymer?

    <p>Branches derived from one monomer grafted onto a backbone from another monomer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of polymerization is described in the text?

    <p>Step-growth polymerization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of polymerization of epoxides when the initiator is a Lewis acid?

    <p>Cationic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between nylon 6 and nylon 66?

    <p>The number of carbons in the monomer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of polymer formed when only one type of monomer is used?

    <p>Homopolymer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the lactam in the synthesis of nylon 6?

    <p>It is the starting material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of heating rubber with sulfur to create cross-links?

    <p>Vulcanization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of polymer is Dacron?

    <p>Polyester</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of vulcanization on the physical properties of rubber?

    <p>It becomes harder and more flexible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of epoxy resins that makes them strong adhesives?

    <p>They are extensively cross-linked systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the process by which Dacron is formed?

    <p>Transesterification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary functional group in nylon?

    <p>Amide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the monomer used to form nylon 6?

    <p>6-aminohexanoic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of polymerization is characterized by the absence of termination by proton loss from the polymer?

    <p>Anionic polymerization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of electron-withdrawing groups in anionic polymerization?

    <p>They decrease the electron density of the double bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initiator in anionic polymerization?

    <p>A very good nucleophile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it difficult for nucleophilic attack to occur on an alkene?

    <p>Alkenes are electron rich</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of surface-absorbed water in the polymerization of methyl α-cyanoacrylate?

    <p>It initiates the anionic polymerization reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the polymer formed from methyl α-cyanoacrylate?

    <p>Super Glue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of polymerization is characterized by chain termination by proton loss from the polymer?

    <p>Cationic polymerization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the polymerization reaction of methyl α-cyanoacrylate on human skin?

    <p>Two fingers can become firmly glued together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Condensation Polymers (Step-Growth Polymers)

    • Formed by intermolecular reaction of molecules with a functional group at each end, resulting in the loss of a small molecule such as H2O, alcohol, or HCl.
    • Can be formed by the reaction of a single compound with two different functional groups, A and B, or by the reaction of two different compounds, one with two A functional groups and the other with two B functional groups.

    Classes of Step-Growth Polymers

    • Polyamides
    • Polyesters
    • Epoxy Resins
    • Polyurethanes

    Polyamides

    • Nylon 6 is an example of a step-growth polymer formed from a monomer with two different functional groups, resulting in the formation of an amide.
    • Nylon 6 is formed from the polymerization of 6-aminohexanoic acid, which contains six carbons.
    • The starting material for the synthesis of nylon 6 is ε-caprolactam.
    • Nylon 66 is an example of a step-growth polymer formed by two different bifunctional monomers, adipoyl chloride and 1,6-hexanediamine.

    Polyesters

    • Polymers containing many ester groups.
    • Dacron is the most common polyester polymer, made by the transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol.
    • Kodel polyester is formed by the transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with 1,4-di(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexane.

    Epoxy Resins

    • They are the strongest adhesives known, being extensively cross-linked systems.
    • They can adhere to almost any surface and are resistant to solvents and high temperature.

    Addition Polymers

    Ring-Opening Polymerizations

    • Some compounds can polymerize well, rather than ethylene and substituted ethylenes, in chain-growth polymerizations.
    • Epoxides undergo chain-growth polymerization, which can occur by an anionic or cationic mechanism.

    Polymerization of Dienes

    • The manufacture of rubber involves the polymerization of 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene (isoprene).
    • Synthetic rubbers can be made by radical polymerization of dienes other than isoprene.
    • Natural and synthetic rubbers can be hardened by vulcanization, which involves heating rubber with sulfur, resulting in cross-linking of the separate polymer chains through disulfide bonds.

    Copolymers

    • Formed by the polymerization of two or more different monomers.
    • Can be classified into four types: alternating, block, random, and graft copolymers.

    Anionic Polymerization or Living Polymers

    • The initiator is a nucleophile that reacts with the monomer to form an anion propagating site.
    • The mechanism involves an initiating step and propagation steps.
    • Living polymers are most common in anionic polymerization because the chains cannot be terminated by proton loss or by chain combination or disproportionation.
    • Examples of alkenes that undergo anionic polymerization include methyl α-cyanoacrylate, which is used to make Super Glue.

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    Description

    Learn about condensation polymers, also known as step-growth polymers, formed through intermolecular reactions with functional groups at each end. Understand the different ways they can be formed, including the reaction of a single compound with two functional groups or two different compounds.

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