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Questions and Answers
What is the mechanism of polymerization of epoxides when the initiator is a nucleophile?
What is the purpose of vulcanization in rubber synthesis?
What type of polymerization occurs when dienes are polymerized using radical polymerization?
What is the characteristic of a graft copolymer?
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What type of polymerization is described in the text?
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What is the mechanism of polymerization of epoxides when the initiator is a Lewis acid?
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What is the primary difference between nylon 6 and nylon 66?
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What is the type of polymer formed when only one type of monomer is used?
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What is the role of the lactam in the synthesis of nylon 6?
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What is the term for the process of heating rubber with sulfur to create cross-links?
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What type of polymer is Dacron?
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What is the result of vulcanization on the physical properties of rubber?
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What is the characteristic of epoxy resins that makes them strong adhesives?
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What is the name of the process by which Dacron is formed?
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What is the primary functional group in nylon?
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What is the name of the monomer used to form nylon 6?
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What type of polymerization is characterized by the absence of termination by proton loss from the polymer?
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What is the role of electron-withdrawing groups in anionic polymerization?
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What is the initiator in anionic polymerization?
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Why is it difficult for nucleophilic attack to occur on an alkene?
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What is the role of surface-absorbed water in the polymerization of methyl α-cyanoacrylate?
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What is the name of the polymer formed from methyl α-cyanoacrylate?
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What type of polymerization is characterized by chain termination by proton loss from the polymer?
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What is the result of the polymerization reaction of methyl α-cyanoacrylate on human skin?
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Study Notes
Condensation Polymers (Step-Growth Polymers)
- Formed by intermolecular reaction of molecules with a functional group at each end, resulting in the loss of a small molecule such as H2O, alcohol, or HCl.
- Can be formed by the reaction of a single compound with two different functional groups, A and B, or by the reaction of two different compounds, one with two A functional groups and the other with two B functional groups.
Classes of Step-Growth Polymers
- Polyamides
- Polyesters
- Epoxy Resins
- Polyurethanes
Polyamides
- Nylon 6 is an example of a step-growth polymer formed from a monomer with two different functional groups, resulting in the formation of an amide.
- Nylon 6 is formed from the polymerization of 6-aminohexanoic acid, which contains six carbons.
- The starting material for the synthesis of nylon 6 is ε-caprolactam.
- Nylon 66 is an example of a step-growth polymer formed by two different bifunctional monomers, adipoyl chloride and 1,6-hexanediamine.
Polyesters
- Polymers containing many ester groups.
- Dacron is the most common polyester polymer, made by the transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol.
- Kodel polyester is formed by the transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with 1,4-di(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexane.
Epoxy Resins
- They are the strongest adhesives known, being extensively cross-linked systems.
- They can adhere to almost any surface and are resistant to solvents and high temperature.
Addition Polymers
Ring-Opening Polymerizations
- Some compounds can polymerize well, rather than ethylene and substituted ethylenes, in chain-growth polymerizations.
- Epoxides undergo chain-growth polymerization, which can occur by an anionic or cationic mechanism.
Polymerization of Dienes
- The manufacture of rubber involves the polymerization of 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene (isoprene).
- Synthetic rubbers can be made by radical polymerization of dienes other than isoprene.
- Natural and synthetic rubbers can be hardened by vulcanization, which involves heating rubber with sulfur, resulting in cross-linking of the separate polymer chains through disulfide bonds.
Copolymers
- Formed by the polymerization of two or more different monomers.
- Can be classified into four types: alternating, block, random, and graft copolymers.
Anionic Polymerization or Living Polymers
- The initiator is a nucleophile that reacts with the monomer to form an anion propagating site.
- The mechanism involves an initiating step and propagation steps.
- Living polymers are most common in anionic polymerization because the chains cannot be terminated by proton loss or by chain combination or disproportionation.
- Examples of alkenes that undergo anionic polymerization include methyl α-cyanoacrylate, which is used to make Super Glue.
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Description
Learn about condensation polymers, also known as step-growth polymers, formed through intermolecular reactions with functional groups at each end. Understand the different ways they can be formed, including the reaction of a single compound with two functional groups or two different compounds.
