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Questions and Answers
What type of mechanism occurs when an epoxide is polymerized with a Lewis acid initiator?
What is the purpose of vulcanization in rubber synthesis?
What type of polymerization occurs when dienes are polymerized with a radical initiator?
What is the name of the polymer synthesized from 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene?
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What type of copolymer consists of blocks of each kind of monomer?
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What is the purpose of an anionic initiator in epoxide polymerization?
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What type of bond is formed during vulcanization of rubber?
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What type of polymerization occurs when epoxides are polymerized with a nucleophile initiator?
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What is the characteristic of condensation polymers?
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Which of the following is an example of a polyamide?
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What is the starting material for the synthesis of nylon 6?
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What is the characteristic of epoxy resins?
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What is the process of forming Dacron polyester?
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What is the characteristic of nylon 66?
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What is the common name of the polyester polymer formed by the transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with 1,4-di(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexane?
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What is the characteristic of step-growth polymers?
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What is the main reason why nucleophilic attack on an alkene does not occur readily?
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What type of polymerization is more prone to termination by proton loss from the polymer?
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What is the role of surface-absorbed water in the polymerization of methyl α-cyanoacrylate?
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Why do living polymers are most common in anionic polymerization?
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What is the characteristic of the initiator required for anionic polymerization?
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What is the purpose of electron-withdrawing substituents in anionic polymerization?
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What is the result of the polymerization reaction of methyl α-cyanoacrylate when it comes into contact with skin?
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What type of polymerization is Super Glue an example of?
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Study Notes
Condensation Polymers (Step-Growth Polymers)
- Formed by intermolecular reaction of molecules with a functional group at each end, resulting in the loss of a small molecule such as H2O, alcohol, or HCl.
- Can be formed by the reaction of a single compound with two different functional groups, A and B, or by the reaction of two different compounds, one with two A functional groups and the other with two B functional groups.
Classes of Step-Growth Polymers
- Polyamides
- Polyesters
- Epoxy Resins
- Polyurethanes
Polyamides
- Nylon 6 is an example of a step-growth polymer formed from a monomer with two different functional groups, resulting in the formation of an amide.
- Nylon 6 is formed from the polymerization of 6-aminohexanoic acid, which contains six carbons.
- The starting material for the synthesis of nylon 6 is ε-caprolactam.
- Nylon 66 is an example of a step-growth polymer formed by two different bifunctional monomers, adipoyl chloride and 1,6-hexanediamine.
Polyesters
- Polymers containing many ester groups.
- Dacron is the most common polyester polymer, made by the transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol.
- Kodel polyester is formed by the transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with 1,4-di(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexane.
Epoxy Resins
- They are the strongest adhesives known, being extensively cross-linked systems.
- They can adhere to almost any surface and are resistant to solvents and high temperature.
Addition Polymers
Ring-Opening Polymerizations
- Some compounds can polymerize well, rather than ethylene and substituted ethylenes, in chain-growth polymerizations.
- Epoxides undergo chain-growth polymerization, which can occur by an anionic or cationic mechanism.
Polymerization of Dienes
- The manufacture of rubber involves the polymerization of 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene (isoprene).
- Synthetic rubbers can be made by radical polymerization of dienes other than isoprene.
- Natural and synthetic rubbers can be hardened by vulcanization, which involves heating rubber with sulfur, resulting in cross-linking of the separate polymer chains through disulfide bonds.
Copolymers
- Formed by the polymerization of two or more different monomers.
- Can be classified into four types: alternating, block, random, and graft copolymers.
Anionic Polymerization or Living Polymers
- The initiator is a nucleophile that reacts with the monomer to form an anion propagating site.
- The mechanism involves an initiating step and propagation steps.
- Living polymers are most common in anionic polymerization because the chains cannot be terminated by proton loss or by chain combination or disproportionation.
- Examples of alkenes that undergo anionic polymerization include methyl α-cyanoacrylate, which is used to make Super Glue.
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Description
Learn about the formation of condensation polymers, also known as step-growth polymers, through intermolecular reactions and examples of polyamides, polyesters, and epoxies.
