Condensation Polymers
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Questions and Answers

What is the characteristic of condensation polymers?

  • Formed by the reaction of two different compounds with a single functional group
  • Formed by the intermolecular reaction of molecules with a functional group at each end (correct)
  • Formed by the reaction of a single compound with a single functional group
  • Formed by the interaction of molecules with a single functional group

    • What is the byproduct of the reaction that forms a condensation polymer?

  • A small molecule such as H2O, alcohol, or HCl (correct)
  • A large molecule
  • A polymer chain
  • A monomer

    • What type of step-growth polymer is formed by the reaction of a single compound with two different functional groups?

  • Epoxy Resins
  • Polyesters
  • Polyamides (correct)
  • Polyurethanes

    • What is the starting material for the synthesis of nylon 6?

    <p>ε-caprolactam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the polyester polymer formed by the transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol?

    <p>Dacron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of epoxy resins?

    <p>They are extensively cross-linked systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the polyamide polymer formed by the reaction of adipoyl chloride and 1,6-hexanediamine?

    <p>Nylon 66</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of reaction that forms nylon 6?

    <p>Polycondensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which epoxides undergo polymerization when initiated by a nucleophile?

    <p>Anionic mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of polymerization is involved in the production of natural rubber?

    <p>Radical polymerization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of vulcanization in rubber production?

    <p>To create cross-linking between polymer chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of an alternating copolymer?

    <p>The two monomers alternate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of polymerization is involved in the production of synthetic rubbers?

    <p>Radical polymerization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a graft copolymer?

    <p>Branches derived from one monomer grafted onto a backbone from another monomer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why anionic polymerization requires a very good nucleophile?

    <p>Because the alkene has a high electron density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of an alkene that allows it to undergo anionic polymerization?

    <p>The presence of electron-withdrawing substituents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between anionic and cationic ring-opening polymerization?

    <p>The type of initiator used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do living polymers commonly occur in anionic polymerization?

    <p>Because the chains cannot be terminated by proton loss or chain combination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a block copolymer?

    <p>Blocks of each kind of monomer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of polymerization is initiated by surface-absorbed water in Super Glue?

    <p>Anionic polymerization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a nucleophilic group on the surface of the skin in the polymerization of Super Glue?

    <p>It initiates anionic polymerization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is butyllithium a suitable initiator for anionic polymerization?

    <p>Because it is a strong nucleophile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical outcome of anionic polymerization in the absence of chain termination?

    <p>Formation of a high-molecular-weight polymer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do alkenes with electron-withdrawing substituents undergo anionic polymerization more readily?

    <p>Because they have a lower electron density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Condensation Polymers (Step-Growth Polymers)

    • Formed by intermolecular reaction of molecules with a functional group at each end, resulting in the loss of a small molecule such as H2O, alcohol, or HCl.
    • Can be formed by the reaction of a single compound with two different functional groups, A and B, or by the reaction of two different compounds, one with two A functional groups and the other with two B functional groups.

    Classes of Step-Growth Polymers

    • Polyamides
    • Polyesters
    • Epoxy Resins
    • Polyurethanes

    Polyamides

    • Nylon 6 is an example of a step-growth polymer formed from a monomer with two different functional groups, resulting in the formation of an amide.
    • Nylon 6 is formed from the polymerization of 6-aminohexanoic acid, which contains six carbons.
    • The starting material for the synthesis of nylon 6 is ε-caprolactam.
    • Nylon 66 is an example of a step-growth polymer formed by two different bifunctional monomers, adipoyl chloride and 1,6-hexanediamine.

    Polyesters

    • Polymers containing many ester groups.
    • Dacron is the most common polyester polymer, made by the transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol.
    • Kodel polyester is formed by the transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with 1,4-di(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexane.

    Epoxy Resins

    • They are the strongest adhesives known, being extensively cross-linked systems.
    • They can adhere to almost any surface and are resistant to solvents and high temperature.

    Addition Polymers

    Ring-Opening Polymerizations

    • Some compounds can polymerize well, rather than ethylene and substituted ethylenes, in chain-growth polymerizations.
    • Epoxides undergo chain-growth polymerization, which can occur by an anionic or cationic mechanism.

    Polymerization of Dienes

    • The manufacture of rubber involves the polymerization of 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene (isoprene).
    • Synthetic rubbers can be made by radical polymerization of dienes other than isoprene.
    • Natural and synthetic rubbers can be hardened by vulcanization, which involves heating rubber with sulfur, resulting in cross-linking of the separate polymer chains through disulfide bonds.

    Copolymers

    • Formed by the polymerization of two or more different monomers.
    • Can be classified into four types: alternating, block, random, and graft copolymers.

    Anionic Polymerization or Living Polymers

    • The initiator is a nucleophile that reacts with the monomer to form an anion propagating site.
    • The mechanism involves an initiating step and propagation steps.
    • Living polymers are most common in anionic polymerization because the chains cannot be terminated by proton loss or by chain combination or disproportionation.
    • Examples of alkenes that undergo anionic polymerization include methyl α-cyanoacrylate, which is used to make Super Glue.

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    Description

    Learn about condensation polymers, also known as step-growth polymers, formed through intermolecular reactions of molecules with functional groups at each end.

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