Conceptual Models of Nursing
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Questions and Answers

What is a key focus of Dorothea Orem's self-care model?

  • The interpersonal relationship between patient and nurse
  • The adaptation to environmental factors
  • The role of nurses in goal attainment
  • The patient's capacity for self-care (correct)

    • Which of the following accurately describes grand theories in nursing?

  • They merge practice with research in a rigid structure.
  • They focus on narrowly defined aspects of nursing.
  • They propose specific outcomes for nursing practice.
  • They are broad conceptualizations of nursing phenomena. (correct)

    • What is a central concern of Imogene King's interacting system framework theory?

  • Patient adaptation to environmental changes.
  • The abstract nature of nursing theories.
  • Setting mutual goals for health restoration. (correct)
  • The importance of nurse-led decision-making.

    • How do middle range theories differ from grand theories in nursing?

    <p>Middle range theories connect practice to larger theories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept is emphasized in Peplau's Theory of Interpersonal Relations?

    <p>Building a relationship between the patient and nurse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does homeostasis refer to in the context of health and nursing practice?

    <p>Internal stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

    <p>Emotional stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the concepts discussed, which environmental system has the most direct influence on a person?

    <p>Family</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the holistic view of health as defined by the WHO?

    <p>Complete physical, mental, and social well-being</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best represents the impact of social changes on health?

    <p>Increased illness can follow social change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the nurse according to Orlando's nursing process theory?

    <p>To determine and meet patients' immediate needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect does Leininger's sunrise model focus on in nursing practice?

    <p>Cultural congruence in nursing care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Swanson’s Caring theory primarily address?

    <p>Support for couples experiencing miscarriages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best characterizes Mishel's Uncertainty in Illness Theory?

    <p>Study of men with prostate cancer awaiting treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Dobratz's Theory of Psychological adaptation in death and dying highlight?

    <p>Social phenomena involved in death and dying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do nursing curricula utilize nursing theories?

    <p>To guide the structure and content of nursing education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has contributed to the evolution of the nursing profession's knowledge base?

    <p>Development of nursing PhD degrees generating new knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory focuses on understanding cultural influences on patient care?

    <p>Leininger’s Theory with the sunrise model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of nursing theory?

    <p>To support excellence in practice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of research relies on narrative interviews for data collection?

    <p>Qualitative research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the process of inductive reasoning?

    <p>Building generalizations from specific experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT a source of nursing research?

    <p>Personal opinions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines mixed methods research?

    <p>Both qualitative and quantitative approaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one limitation of the scientific method in nursing?

    <p>Health care settings cannot be compared with laboratories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which degree focuses on generating new, discipline-specific knowledge in nursing?

    <p>Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reasoning moves from general premises to specific conclusions?

    <p>Deductive reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of applied science?

    <p>Utilizes scientific theories for practical applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the impact of nursing research?

    <p>It improves quality of care and patient outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of state boards of nursing regarding nursing education?

    <p>To set and enforce minimum criteria for nursing education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common reason that state boards of nursing discipline nurses?

    <p>Practicing while under the influence of alcohol or drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which resource assists with the rehabilitation of nurses affected by substance abuse?

    <p>National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many questions are on the NCLEX exam?

    <p>Minimum of 75 and maximum of 265 questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does licensure by endorsement allow a registered nurse (RN) to do?

    <p>Practice in different states without taking another licensing exam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Nurse Licensure Compact (NLC)?

    <p>To allow nurses to work in multiple states without additional licensing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of the NCLEX exam is regularly updated?

    <p>The topics covered and examination methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for a nursing program to achieve state approval?

    <p>Graduating from a state-approved nursing education program</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    ### Conceptual Models of Nursing

    • Provide organizational structures for critical thinking about the nursing processes
    • Models are less abstract and more formalized than philosophies
    • Models are more abstract than theories
    • Focus on patient’s capacity for self-care

    Dorothea Orem's Self-Care Model

    • Focuses on the patient's capacity for self-care
    • Identifies deficits the patient may have in providing their own self-care

    Imogene King’s Interacting System Framework Theory and Theory of Goal Attainment

    • Nurse focus on goal attainment for and by the patient
    • Explore goals the nurse and patient can set together to restore the patient to health

    ### Callista Roy’s Adaptation Model

    • Offers a comprehensive understanding of nursing from the perspective of adaptation
    • Focuses on how the nurse can modify the patient’s environment to facilitate adaptation

    ### Grand to Middle Range Theories

    • Grand theory is a broad conceptualization of nursing phenomena
    • Middle Range theory is narrower in focus and connects grand theories with nursing practice
    • Middle Range theory focuses on a specific aspect of nursing, incorporating a limited number of concepts
    • Middle range theories typically merge practice and research, merging empirical research into a larger theory
    • Theories are less abstract than models and propose specific outcomes

    Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relations in Nursing

    • Relationship between the patient and nurse is the focus of attention
    • Focuses on the relationship, rather than only the patient

    ### Orlando’s Nursing Process Theory

    • Deals with specific nurse-patient interactions
    • Goal of the nurse is to determine and meet patient’s immediate needs to improve their condition by relieving distress or discomfort
    • Emphasizes deliberate actions rather than automatic reactions based on observation of the patient’s verbal and nonverbal behavior, which lead to inferences
    • Inferences are confirmed or disconfirmed by the patient, which helps the nurse identify the patient’s needs and provide effective nursing care

    ### Leininger’s Theory in Practice: The Sunrise Model

    • Nursing outcome is culturally congruent nursing care for the patient
    • Guides assessment of cultural data to understand its influence on the patient's life
    • Nurse plans care while recognizing the health beliefs and folk practices of the patient’s culture
    • Focuses on cultural care preservation, accommodation, or repatterning, depending on the patient’s needs

    ### Examples of Middle Range Theories of Nursing

    • Swanson’s Caring Theory
    • Mishel’s Uncertainty in Illness Theory
    • Jezewski’s Cultural Brokering Theory
    • Dobratz Theory

    ### Using Theory: Theory-Based Education

    • Nursing curricula are built around specific conceptual models of concepts
    • Nurses intentionally structure practice around a particular nursing theory to guide them in their assessment, planning, diagnosis, intervention, and evaluation
    • Nursing evolved from a vocation dependent on knowledge from other disciplines to a profession with its own knowledge base
    • This growth has stimulated the development of the nursing PhD degree, generating new, discipline-specific knowledge, and focusing on the philosophy of nursing science, the generation of nursing knowledge, theory testing, and the development of new theory
    • Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) or Masters of Science in Nursing (MSN) are primary providers in advanced practice focused on specific patient nursing outcomes
    • BSN nurses are introduced to the research process, evidence-based practice, and use of theory to guide nursing practice
    • Associate Degree nurses use nursing theory to teach the unique perspective of nursing
    • Theory shapes, facilitates, contributes, and helps develop nursing practice

    ### Nursing Theory Ultimate Goal

    • Support excellence in practice

    ### Nursing Research

    • Tests and refines the knowledge base of nursing
    • Improves the quality of care and understanding of how evidence-based practice influences improved patient outcomes

    ### Scientific Method

    • Systematic way of thinking and solving problems

    ### Bias

    • Refers to systematic distortion of a finding from data, often resulting from a problem with the sample

    ### Quantitative Research

    • Uses measurable variables with outcomes from standardized experimental designs and hypothesis

    ### Qualitative Research

    • Relies on data collection techniques like narrative interviews and participant observation

    ### Mixed Methods

    • Combining qualitative and qualitative research

    ### Science

    • Pure Science explains the universe without regard to if the information is useful
    • Applied Science is the practical application of scientific theories and laws
    • Translational Research takes findings discovered in the lab and research to develop bedside applications

    ### Inductive Reasoning

    • Small to big
    • Proceeds from particular experiences to generalizations
    • Inferences are made that lead to further research

    ### Deductive Reasoning

    • Big to small
    • Conclusions are drawn by logical inference from given premises

    ### Limitations of Strict Definition of Scientific Method in Nursing

    • Healthcare settings are not comparable with laboratories
    • Human beings are more than a collection of parts that can be dissected and examined
    • The claim for objectivity

    ### Where Does Nursing Research Come From?

    • Clinical Practice
    • Theories
    • Literature

    ### Nursing Research

    • Systematic investigation of phenomena related to improving patient care
    • A problem may be amenable to being addressed by research if:
      • A conceptual framework exists or can be constructed
      • Based on related research findings
      • Designed carefully

    ### State Boards of Nursing and Nursing Education

    • Set and enforce minimum criteria for nursing education
    • Applicants for licensure must graduate from a state-approved nursing education program
    • Schools of nursing must have state approval to operate
    • State approvals are less stringent than national accreditation standards
    • Some states require national accreditation to achieve state approval

    ### State Boards of Nursing and Sanctions

    • Prohibit, suspend, or revoke nursing license
    • Most common reason for disciplining nurses is practicing while under the influence of alcohol or drugs
    • State boards have the power to sanction nurses for performing professional functions that are dangerous to patients or the general public

    ### Rehabilitation of Nurses Who Are Impaired By Mental Health Issues or Substance Abuse

    • ANA (1990) and Nursing Disciplinary Diversion Act
    • NCSBN (2015) Substance Abuse Disorder of Nursing
    • Comprehensive resource to assist with evaluation, treatment, and management of nurses with substance problems

    ### NCLEX

    • Minimum of 75 questions, maximum of 265 questions
    • Duration of 6 hours
    • Licensure exam is updated regularly and tests critical thinking and nursing competence in all phases of the nursing process

    ### Licensure by Endorsement

    • RN can practice in different states without having to take another licensing exam
    • Requirements: proof of licensure in another state and a licensure fee
    • Compact
      • NCSBN (2000) developed the Nurse Licensure Compact
      • 2015: NLC adopted by 24 states, 6 states with pending legislation, 1 state enacted but implementation is pending
      • Each state wishing to participate in the compact must pass legislation enabling the board of nursing to enter into the interstate NLC

    ### Homeostasis

    • Internal stability

    ### Systems and Nursing Practice

    • Hospital system

    ### Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

    • Published in 1954
    • Hierarchy of needs: Physiological needs, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization
    • Rejected Freud and Pavlov
    • Presented human needs theory motivated by intrinsic needs
    • Assumptions about needs:
      • Needs vary
      • Homeostasis is threatened when needs are not met

    ### Environmental Systems

    • Family
      • Most direct influence on a person
    • Cultural
      • Increased number of diverse groups
      • Ethnocentrism: Making judgments
    • Social
      • Increased illness following social change
      • Support and social networks
    • Community, National, and the World
      • Impact of nurses and hospitals
      • National and global influence

    ### Health

    • WHO Definition: State of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
    • Holistic View
      • Focuses on the interrelationship of all parts that make up the person
      • Nursing embraces a holistic view of health
      • Jan Christian Smuts: modern western model; harmony between people and nature

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    Description

    This quiz covers key conceptual models in nursing that enhance critical thinking and self-care approaches. It includes Orem's Self-Care Model, King's Interacting System Framework, and Roy's Adaptation Model. Ensure you understand how these models inform nursing practice and patient interactions.

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