Concepts and Indicators of Development

Concepts and Indicators of Development

• Until the 1970s, societal focus was on economic development, but this approach had inherent shortcomings by ignoring human development.
• More recently the concept of development changed to include environmental concerns and the need to sustain resources.
• The concept of development has evolved to include different types of development reflecting the priorities of the time, building on preceding developments.
• Progression includes economic development leading to human development and ultimately to sustainable development.
• Economic development prioritizes material growth, specifically the increase in dollar value from one period to the next, and focuses on the amount of money a nation generates over time.
• Although economic development has evolved over time, economic indicators still play an important role.
• Economic development had a significant drawback such that it revealed nothing about the quality of life of society.
• Economic development is largely about profit maximization and can be self-defeating.
• Human development expands on economic development to include human concerns.
• Economic development remains pivotal but is now multifaceted.
• Amartya Sen and Mahbub Ul Haq, Nobel Prize winners, contributed to human well-being and the development of indicators.
• They proposed that without factoring the quality of human life and the well-being of people, there can be no development.
• True development occurs when there is an expansion of human choice, greater opportunities for people's empowerment, and opportunities to maximize human potential.
• While incorporating human elements into development is important, money is also still needed.
• Human Development Indicators/Human Development Index (HDI) are necessary, and true development is assessed by both material and non-material elements.

Human Development Index & Sustainable Development

• The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistical tool that gauges a country's overall achievement in its social and economic dimensions measuring health, education, and standard of living.
• Sustainable development recognizes that the environment is non-renewable, and must be cared for.
• Any development must strike a unique equilibrium.
• All impacts to the environment should be calculated in the developmental process, and the use of resources should be the focal point of sustainable development.
• Sustainable development meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It is driven by conservationism.
• Sustainable Development seeks equilibrium between money, human well-being and the environment that is practical and maintained. It goes further than human development in equity, respect, and human dignity.
• Sustainable development arose to meet future generations needs, recognizing society was consuming its finite resources in the pre 1970s.
• Sustainable development is practical for already developed nations, however, 3rd world or developing nations face all the challenges of development.
• The Caribbean consists of 3rd world nations whose resources have already been exploited and depleted.
• For 3rd world nations to embark on sustainable development paradigm there needs to be a paradigm shift in terms of development.

Challenges Facing Caribbean Development / Developing Nations

• Historical capitalism reflects the different systems of production; one European nation after another successfully exploited the Caribbean's wealth.
• Historic neglect for human dignity has built societies upon the exploitation of human beings.
• Today's society faces social injustices where human rights are not respected, and whoever is not treated with respect there can be no development.
• Lack of resources such that development cannot be achieved without income. Many Caribbean nations lack a basis to build an economic platform. The lack of Resources are connected to exploitation.
• Minerals in the ground are considered resources, which have been monetized and stolen.
• Legacies of the plantation deal with productivity and empowerment.
• Productivity reflects how a person is willing to put forth labor/effort. Plantation society created a poor work ethic.
• Lack of Empowerment: People must be empowered to contribute positively to society.
• Legacies of plantation inhibit these factors due to social stratification divisions that divide society.
• There are legacies of the plantation disrupt rather than unify society.
• Social Justice aims for perfect equity
• Social justice breaches: some groups are deprived of human rights as it's embedded in ideology
• Lack of money: much of Caribbean's wealth has been repatriated with a 3rd world to metropolitan movement of money which led to an economic crisis.
• Lack of Education: opportunities given to Caribbean people are minimal. Caribbean people can only attract labor-based jobs; with limited opportunities for income and a high quality of life. This is associated with a scarcity of empowerment opportunities.
• Heavy Dependence upon Traditional Industry such that they are primary job providers with low wages. This creates an unwillingness among people to advance themselves.
• These jobs are in agriculture and extraction. These jobs are low-yielding.
• Since the only jobs available are low-yielding jobs, there is an unwillingness among people to advance themselves.
• Traditional industries are often a poor use of land and labor resources and susceptible to disease and natural disasters where losses become easily incurred.
• Internal Problems in Certain Societies such as examples of social stratification, Guyana where alienation/exclusion of Amerindians. They are inhibited from contributing to development.
• Negative social attitudes towards race and or religion that are destructive to society, is short sighted to think Resources on our Planet are Inexhaustible.
• Lack of opportunity for the Masses regarding lack of healthcare, education, and empowerment opportunities are.
• Lack of Proper Government Planning / Abuse of Government Resources occur when The Responsibility of using National Wealth to Meet the Developmental Objectives of the Nation fail
• Abuse of resources, corruption, theft, misappropriate use of money in high places lead to Lack of Good Governance.
• Inequitable Distribution of Income indicates ideally, Equity is not just a personal attitude but part of the government agenda. A government mandated to find equity for the people.
• Governments should Promote Equity of Income Generation. However, the reality for the Caribbean is socioeconomic Polarisation since there are some wealthy and poverty stricken people. Attitudes to Minority Groups indicate a breach of social injustice that creates Poor Attitudes to People who are Different.
• Intolerance to Sub Culture Groups leads to group Exclusions, therefore, Dehumanization of Groups which cannot aid development.
• Caribbean countries must Change Social, Economic and even Industrial Attitudes to better comply with the Sustainable Development Paradigm.

Millennium Development Goals (MDG) and Sustainable Development Paradigm (SDP)

• The MDG was Created by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) as the model for Achieving Sustainable Development in Developing Nations as Objectives for 3rd world Nations.
• These are prescribed from global planners and not always implemented due to lack of Resources requiring flexibility.
• List of Goals
• Reduction of poverty
• Increase in literacy
• Stabilizing the growth rate of the economy
• Providing opportunities for the Empowerment of the Masses
• Creating Opportunities for Social, Political and Economic Inclusion of Disenfranchised Groups
• Promoting Equitable Distribution of Income
• Stabilizing Employment Levels: People require job Sustaining Employment which can be subject to weather and seasonality.
• Stability of the Political Process / System - E.g. Haiti has the worst track Record for Development in the Western Hemisphere.
• Dealing with Issues relevant to Women and Children, Protection of Weaker People in Society which can extend exploitation in the work place and maternity
• Reduction of Diseases includes Communicable and Non - Communicable Diseases
• Promoting Socioeconomic Equity allows methods to Ensure those at Risk Enjoy some Level of Economic Well Being
• Promoting Environmental Conservation
• Introducing and Using Technology as part of the Manufacturing Process since Drawbacks that affect Rate of Output / Productivity requires one use Technology as part of the Manufacturing Process which earns More Money to then offer Human Services Provide.

Pillars of Development (POD)

• This is the Philosophical Ideology of Mahbub Ul Haq. The Idea of HDP was originated by Mahbub Ul Haq with about 30 factors (HDI) to consider with some being more Outstanding than others:
• Life Expectancy, Mortality Rates, Levels of Literacy, Access to Education, Standard of Living and GDP per Capita -The HDP seeks to assess Key Elements that Impact upon Human Well Being under a paradigm of Developmental Thrust regarding
• Sustainability
• Equity
• Empowerment
• Productivity
• The pillars must be Interrelated by meeting certain Human Needs to be Satisfied for Sustainability to be Achieved as so:
  • Empowerment leading to Equity leading to Productivity leading to Sustainability

Indicators of Human Development (IOD)

• Indicators of Human Development are Factors that can be Quantified towards Assessed as a Means of Understanding Advances made for Development. The factors should seen as Important through the World.
• Material Indicators are Economic / Infrastructural in Nature by being Quantified by Money,
  • Its important to Guide to allow a Nation to Understand its Economic Position without Material Indicators that tell the Quality of Life enjoyed by a People. Example Material Indicators include.
• Levels of Output towards Product of a Nation over a given Period of Time based upon
• Gross National Product (GNP)
• Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by measuring
  • GDP towards the Value of Goods and Services Generated within the Economic Boundaries of a Nation
  • GNP towards GDP + Export Earnings
• Significance:
• Economic Growth from one Period to the Next is seen
• Averages per Capita Income is created
• Allows Long Term Economic Planning and Annual Budget Allocation
• National Income Figures makes Comparisons with other Nations to Attract Foreign Direct Investment.
• Significance: However GNP and GDP gives no data based on
  • Allocation of a Nation's Money
  • Needs of a People being Met
  • State of Poverty of a Nation
  • Inequitable Distribution of Income
  • Mismanagement of Money (Corruption)
  • How much Money used to Repay Debt
  • Status of Environment
  • Opportunity of Empowerment of the People

Other Material Indicators

• Per Capita Income shows the following Formula: Average Money =- Total Income (GDP∨GNP)/ Total Population
  • The averages are used to compare with other Countries
  • It fails to factor in anything about:
  • Income Generation
  • Levels of Well Being as a People
  • Levels of Productivity of a People
  • Polarisation / Racism
  • Such that Per Capita Income presents a Theoretical Ideal, but in Reality, it is Untrue.
• Employment Levels will tell how many People are Dependent Upon Government Resources it's important to how much Jobs are Available. However it fails to tell about Stratification in Occupation, Levels of Education, Income Levels, Income Distribution, Seasonality such as with the Jamaica Harvest Season, Make Work Schemes create unemployment in Caribbean Societies that provides short Term Employment in order to Please the Masses.
• Levels of Investment / Infrastructural shows How much has been Added to a Nation since Benefiting Physical Development via Improvement of Investment and Productivity Potential. The result may not factor in Environmental Destructed or who gets these Employment Opportunities.
• Gini Coefficient measures Mathematical Evaluation of Income Distribution in a Society, its formula measures Perfect Equity using 0 and 100 represents Inequity where for the Caribbean an evaluation of 20 or 70 implies Economic Polarity or Unequal Distribution of Income.
• Non Material Indicators are used to evaluate quantify Well Being and Quality of Life by creating Human Indicators such the following.
• Equity Between Classes factors into Equity with People's Lives free Stratification when creating an Egalitarian Society. The main thing that comes in the way that the the Caribbean faces a lot of Challenges, with the Elite Class; who has Enjoyed Wealth and Social Prestige where Everyone Else was Poor.

Improving Equity

• Implement strategies where Equity makes feel Value in themselves. A Government is Proactive should must institute Policies / Laws to Equitable Distribution.
• Governments should Ensure those who are Old, Sick and Young are Treated Equally based an indicator were People's have Basic Needs addressed, based upon Means of Redistribution of Income by offering pensions or disability cheques
• Governments must work in creating Taxation Policies / Laws under Progressive Policies, such that the more you earn, the you should return for
• Reduced Economic Polarity and Burden on Government Resources
• Make Education accessible towards better educating People for Empowerment and then Productivity, the result will be reduce burdons of an alleviating burdens on the State who are Gainfully Employed.
• Without education, it is important to Empowering People who Show Prowess by increasing schools and giving scholarships to be removed to Socioeconomic Stagnation and Labour Jobs where they are Disenfranchised.
• Governments can provide Funding for Groups that have been Traditionally Alienated under a model that Promots above Other Groups which is use towards Empowerment of the Groups.
• There are Gender Stereotypes to address Empower the Women through Education since Depriving them causes Stagnating the development and their Future as under Affirmative Action.
• This also means dealing with Productivity towards meeting psychological and Emotional Factors that are related towards levels education.

Factors that Hinder / Promote Development

• Gender Inequality.
• Political Ideologies and Popular Movements.
• Distribution of Wealth and Resources.
• Class Boundaries and Stratification Issues.
• Entrepreneurship / Entrepreneurship Activities.
• Natural and Human Induced Disasters.
• Government Policies.
• Technology Factors.
• Global Conditions.
• Quality and Relevance of Education.
• Tourism's Contributions and Challenges.
• Can be combinations of variables
• Discover Natural Resources.
• Increase in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI).
• Expanding the Skilled Labour Force.
• Implementation of Technology and Diversifying Economy.
• Gender inequality can occur due societies characterize through Patriarchy; brought through organised Political and Social Relations.
  • Male Dominance in Relationships leading to Family Oppression/Coercion, female stereotypes, statistics of those in poverty affecting women and Girls.
• It can affect society by
  • Minoritization is a social Justice Breach - lack maintenance with equity and treatment.
  • Reducing productivity as groups are restricted from development affecting governments with less tax.
• To resolve these occur, promotes empowerment and access to society
• Sensitization of social need and creating legislation under affirmative action.
• Empower women though participate in society with those that have a need with equal bills.
• Political power is about policy and management with models linked towards the best utilization on nation's limited resources - including ideologies - Democracy based out Capitalism and/or Communism.
• The Economic Structure Correlates and dictates Resources and how to give Equity.

Communism

• Is based on government control with centralized planing.
  • Decision Making Structure is Inconsistent
  • Loss of Private Ownership
  • Wastage on resources.
  • Police State: leads rule via brutality instead wanting coverage on media.
  • It can be inflexible and Organized for a Fiscal Period
• Opposite direction of the Free market economy where govt facilitates activity but follows to law and governance with no health or housing
• The model seeks equality with a price set with law demand and need.
  • High Level of Inequity: those who Own and those don;t own creating classims.
• Mixed economies uses government with private with a dual emphasis striving for harmony
  • Government produces healthcare and the like with similar disadvantages one in wealth with system.

Popular Ideologies

• Must Contribute / Impact to Concept with Equity towards Development
• Feminism and Rastafarianism
  • These include literary movements that promote equity
• People begin to Adopt some which has to Potential change way that which it is that people
• A function or lobby to place pressure is put to bear with pressure.
• Feminism tries Creates Development to ensure people get treatment and fairness.

Distribution of Wealth and Resources

• To get equity in the Caribbean because it's polarities, government can decide how best to meet those from those at risk.
• Can occur subsidies that place cost burden the government, or even welfare.
• Strata and boundaries are caused through discrimination and lack of opportunities - requiring a negative work ethic.
• Creates injustices through no opportunities, or feeling disempowered - but requires a change towards addressing Classism.
• It also involves Entrepreneurial drive that adds to economy where governments create incentives.
• This can expand under government that promote policies with a Minister under government.

Review Module 1 and 5 (PowerPoint Slides)

• Disaster: Government Policy that promotes development and preserve a balance using an approach to sustainabilty. This is done through Ministries.
• Technology - improves communication with faster learning to easier record the cost can put into traditional productions to find a balanced medium. It can be found through increased touring and medicine while depending on metropolitan service since limited services
• The need for environmental and wellbeing while facing problem when depending on bigger nations.

specific Objective

Integration Movement: integration comes historical with producing action and together common and bigger objective.

• Caribbean Integration: Nations have all same challenges also British with Language and with Economy.
• Look at us ourself mind set.
• A cultural look for a reality to has on world small seek.
• Federation, was a Unification as Based on British
• Independence
• Federation was a Unification as Based on British.
• The Reasons were: bad communications, coordination for progress Parochialism strong personalities
  • Bills Pay the was Unfair Federation
  • For Money was Monetised a Area needed There was: political was Needed there has been been has yet together:
  • Carifta
  • CSME
  • OEC
• Has been support there has been two:
  • economic and judicial.

Caribbean Institutions

• Caribbean Free Trade
  • Diversification of trade
  • Trading between patterns
  • Tax trade together
• A sense community can help connect nations, governments with trade, strategies.
  • Free Movement of people
• This has created a full employment
• Caribbean states were supposed the Caribbean nations this can create money hiding and corruption towards ownership restrictions and value leading towards not. Organization has been a judicial process - support to better and independence
• The issue towards a negative image and lack

Caribbean Development Challenges

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