Concepts and Indicators of Development

Concepts and Indicators of Development

• Up until the 1970s, the focus was on economic development.
• Focus shifted to include environmental concerns and resource conservation, leading to sustainable development due to environmental impacts on the global environment
• Development incorporates various aspects relevant at different times
• Each development type builds on the previous one.
• Evolution of development: Economic → Human → Sustainable

Economic Development

• Focuses on material growth, measured by the increase in dollar value from one period to the next
• Growth/development was considered an augmentation of cash

Drawback of Economic Development

• Displayed nothing about the quality of life enjoyed by society, such as health, happiness, and lifestyle
• About profit maximization, making it self-defeating

Human Development

• Builds upon economic development
• Diversifies the focus to include human concerns
• Still important but recognized as multifaceted

Amartya Sen and Mahbub Ul Haq's Proposal

• True development requires factoring the quality of human life and well-being
• True development occurs with an expansion of human choice, providing greater opportunities for people to maximize their potential

Human Development Indicators (HDI)

• There is still need for money
• Created to measure human elements in development
• Part of Human Development Paradigm (HDP)
• True development assessed through material and non-material elements
• Statistical tool to measure a country's overall achievement in social and economic dimensions, including health, education, and standard of living

Sustainable Development

• Environment is non-renewable, requiring care and attention
• Must find a unique equilibrium.
• Impacts to the environment must be calculated in developmental thrust
• Use of resources becomes the focal point
• Meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations
• Concept is driven by conservationism
• Finds an equilibrium between money, human well-being, and the environment, making it practical and maintainable
• Goes further than human development in striving for equity, respect, and dignity of human life
• Seeks to ensure that future generations are catered for
• Arose from the recognition that society will ultimately consume itself if it continues on the path set before the 1970s

Application of Sustainable Development

• Practical for already developed nations
• Third world/developing nations face all the challenges of development

The Caribbean

• Composed of 3rd world nations with exploited and depleted resources
• A paradigm shift in development pursuit is needed
• Challenges faced include historical capitalism, which has exploited the Caribbean's wealth through various production systems
• There is historical precedent of neglecting human dignity, with societies built on the exploitation of human beings
• Social injustice and disrespect for human rights hinder development.
• Achieving development requires income
• Many Caribbean countries lack a basis to build an economic platform
• Lack of resources is linked to historical exploitation

Legacies of the Plantation

Deals with two major issues: productivity and empowerment

Productivity

• A person's willingness to put out labour/effort
• Plantation Society created a poor work ethic
• People avoid work rather than contribute positively

Empowerment

• People to contribute positively in society must be empowered
• Inhibit these factors due to social stratification divisions that divide and rule to regulate society

Classism

Disrupts rather than unifies society

• Social Justice aims to Achieve Perfect Equity
• Social Justice Breaches: Some groups are deprived of their human rights as it is embedded in ideology

Caribbean Wealth

• Much of the Caribbean's wealth has been repatriated
• A 3rd World to Metropolitan Movement of Money
• Europeans stole from Caribbean, thus it suffers from economic crises

Opportunities of Caribbean

• Lack of Education
• Opportunities are minimal since people lack knowledge
• People only attract labour-based jobs
• Income and Quality of Life are small
• Associated with Lack of Empowerment Opportunities.

Dependence on Traditional Industry

• Traditional industries are primary industries
• Major part of employment
• These jobs are low yielding
• Since only jobs available are low yielding, there is unwillingness among people to advance themselves
• Make up a significant part of the GNP
• Often a poor use of land and labour resources
• May be susceptible to disease, natural disasters, ie, losses can be easily incurred
• Heavy dependence on these industries.

Internal Problems and Negative Social Attitudes

• Internal Problems Echo Social Stratification
• Exclusion of the Amerindians, Guyana
• Inhibited from Contributing to Development.
• Seen as Inferior.
• Growth in Society becomes Limited/Stagnated/Arrested
• Exclusion of people due to race and religion
• Social Attitudes to the Environment are Self-Destructive
• Short Sighted to think Resources on our Planet are Inexhaustible.

Societal Issues

• There is Lack of Opportunity for the Masses
• Lack of Healthcare, Education, Empowerment Opportunities.
• There is Lack of Proper Government Planning
• Abuse of Government Resources: A Government is given the Responsibility of using National Wealth to meet the Developmental Objectives of the Nation
• Abuse of Resources, Corruption, Theft, Misappropriate Use of Money in High Places leads to Lack of Good Governance.

Income/Minority Groups

• Inequitable Distribution of Income
• Ideally, Equity is not just a Personal Attitude but it is part of the Government Agenda
• Government Mandated to find Equity for the People
• Promote Equity of Income Generation
• In Caribbean, there is Socioeconomic Polarization
• Minority groups have attitudes with a Social Injustice Breach
• Poor Attitudes to People who are Different, and Intolerance to Sub Culture Groups

Caribbean Needed Changes

• Caribbean has to change Social, Economic and even Industrial Attitudes to make these more Compliant with the Sustainable Development Paradigm
• Nations need to Address certain Problem Areas.

Millennium Development Goals (MDG)

• And Sustainable Development Paradigm (SDP)
• Created by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
• Paradigm for Achieving Sustainable Development in Developing Nations
• Goals/Objectives for 3rd World Nations
• Prescribed Global Planners
• Ideals, they can't always be Implemented due to Lack of Resources in a Nation and Flexibility

Goals of MDG

• Reduction of Poverty, Increase in Literacy
• Stabilizing the Growth Rate of the Economy
• Providing Opportunities for the Empowerment of the Masses
• Creating Opportunities for Social, Political and Economic Inclusion of Disenfranchised Groups
• Promoting Equitable Distribution of Income. Stabilizing Employment Levels

Society of MDG

• Protection of Weaker People in Society, Women and Children.
• Not Limited to Men Exploiting Women but also to Women in Work Place, Maternity, etc
• Developmental Problem is an Androcentric World and no Tolerance for Women's Problems
• Reduction of Diseases as Communicable and Non - Communicable Diseases
• Promoting Socioeconomic Equity
• Promoting Environmental Conservation

Technology and Manufacturing

• Rate of Output and Productivity is very Low
• Use Technology as part of the Manufacturing Process is necessary
• The More Money, the More Human Services Provided

Pillars of Development (POD)

• Philosophical Ideology of Mahbub Ul Haq
• The Idea of HDP was originated by Mahbub Ul Haq
• About 30 Major Factors (HDI) to consider
• Life Expectancy, Mortality Rates, Levels of Literacy, Access to Education, Standard of Living and GDP per Capita

Areas to Address

• The HDP aims to assess Key Elements that Impact upon Human Well Being
• Address a Major Area of any Nation's Developmental Thrust
• Sustainability, Equity, Empowerment and Productivity need to be Studied Separately but are Interrelated to Produce an Ideal Developmental Situation
• Human Needs Need to be Satisfied for Sustainability to be Achieved and in The Following Order
• Empowerment leads to Equity which leads to Productivity which leads to Sustainability

Indicators of Human Development (IOD)

• Indicators of Human Development are Variables/Factors that can be Quantified
• For these HDI, factors must be seen as Important throughout the World
• Are Economic/Infrastructural in Nature
• Can be Quantified by Money
• Guide for a Nation to Understand its Economic Position
• Don't Tell the Quality of Life enjoyed by a People

Economic Considerations

• Levels of Output: This is the Product of a Nation over a given Period of Time
• Two Concepts are applied here: Gross National Product (GNP) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
• GDP is the Value of Goods and Services Generated and Sold within the Economic Boundaries of a Nation
• GNP is the GDP + Export Earnings
• GNP and GDP are Useful to allow for Economic Growth from one Period to the Next to be seen
• Creates averages per Capita Income
• Allows for Long Term Economic Planning and for Annual Budget Allocation
• National Income Figures make Comparisons with other Nations and Attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

GNP and GDP

• Tell us nothing about the Allocation of a Nation's Money or the Needs of a People being Met
• The State of Poverty of a Nation
• The Inequitable Distribution of Income
• The Mismanagement of Money or Corruption
• How muchMoney was used to Repay Debt
• The Status of Environment
• The Opportunity of Empowerment of the People

Per Capita Income

• Is based upon the formula Average Money = Total Income/GDP or GNP divided by Total Population
• Useful for Getting an Average of Money to Compare with other Countries
• Fails to Say Anything about, Income Generation
• Its TheoreticalIdeal, but, in Reality, it is Untrue

Employment Levels

• Tell about How many People are still Dependent Upon Government Resources

• Levels don't tell about Stratification in Occupation.

• Levels of Education/Income or Income Distribution

• Seasonality or Make Work Schemes

• Levels of Investment/Infrastructural shows How much has been Added Physically to a Nation

Failings of Investment in Infrastructure

• Benefits may not be felt by the entire Nation
• Says nothing about Environmental Destruction or Alteration of Landscape
• Nothing about whose Employment Opportunities were given to

Gini Coefficient

• Mathematical Evaluation of Income Distribution in a Society
• Zero represents Perfect Equity and one hundred represents Inequity
• In the Caribbean, the Gini Coefficient is between 20 and 70 which implies Economic Polarity = Unequal Distribution of Income

Non - Material Indicators

• Help us Quantify Understanding of Human Well-Being, Uniquely Human Indicators created
• Equity Between Classes is relevant on both the Economic and Social Spectrum for socioeconomic Equity
• Implies the Equity of People's Lives
• Society is Egalitarian with No Social Stratification when there is Perfect Equity

Non-Material Indicators

• Challenges achieving, Societal/History, Elite Class
• Poor and Disenfranchised
• Characterized by Social and Economical Polarization where Classism is Perpetuated
• Amerindians in Guyana have No Voice in Politics and Economics of Country

Implementation to Improve Equity

• Equity is not Just a Personal Attitude
• Must Be Proactive in its Treatment of Classes
• Institute Policiesto Make the Distribution of Income more Equitable
• Indicator of Development is Ability to Afford Basic Needs of Life
• Treat People Equally

Action's of the Society

• To Ensure those who are Old, Sick and Young are treated Equally
• Old Age Pension, Disability Cheques, Widows and Orphans Relief Funds, Social Welfare Expenditure
• Actions to Improve Equity -Redistribution of Income
• Taxation
• Education
• Making Educational Opportunities more Accesible
• Education = Empowerment

Government Considerations

• Needs Optimisation of Human Resources sothe Nation can now do more
• Means that International Ratings Increased
• Means Alleviation of Burdens of the State
• Doom to Remain in Socioeconomic Stagnation and Labour Jobs without Education
• Perpetually Disenfranchised-Caribbean People
• Empowering People who Show Prowess by Building more Schools/Scholarships
• Government can Provide FundingtoTraditionally Alienated Groups known as Positive Discrimination and Geared towards Empowerment

Women & Negative View on the World

• Societies-Gender Stereotypes are Common
• Empowerment of Women also Adds to the Productivity of a Nation
• Women-Stagnating their Own Development and Hampering
• Afirmative Action of Women by Positive Discrimination

Productivity/Output

• is the empowerment of Productivity related to Empowerment and Sustainability
• Psychology Influences the production/level of production
• Happy Person has Moral with Optimal Output/ifnot then output decreases
• Influenced by Levels of Education/limited by Attitudes
• Work Enviroment Affects Levels
• Tech Improves Output
• Governance that achieves a Stable Political System,

Key Governance

• Govt/Race/Party/Religion
• Legacy-Govt is Fractured along Race
• Apply Limited Recourses
• Promote Equity
• Govt. Task should be to Apply Socially Conscious and Policies to Access Wealth
• The law helps risked population
• Fighting Corruption

MDG's Pillars

• The MDG's main goals are Responsible Environmental Factors because in the Environment the Man is the Real Problem
• Ensured our meeting needs and the needs of the future for any need in Environment is needed in People.

Health as a System

• Healthcare = Quality of life
• Ineffective Position because they cant even make an attempt on the care for an individual

What Needed Improvement

• Institutions and Attitudes Within
• LaunchEffort through Public Campaign for Society
• This is a Problem with Coordination and Policies so there will never be Coordinated money

Factors that Hinder Development

• Hindder as Gender,Political and Wealth

Strategy to Increase Development

• The Strategy needed 5 main things,
• Disovering, Increasing, Expanding, Inplementing, and Diversifying

Gender Inequality and European Impact

• Dominance is Patriarchy where women are 2nd class Citizens
• The impact has caused issues like Coercions
• Where they see females tend to be only focus on nurturing

The issues that come of Hindered

• They tend never to mainted an even Treatment where other will be Alienated
• Have an impact on the Economu,where they cant Pay
• A Nation is Reduced becausethe can't feel apart of