Conceptos básicos de primeros auxilios

• Primeros auxilios are actions taken in a health emergency, requiring immediate action due to sudden injury, illness, or worsening condition that endangers life.

Valoración del entorno y del accidentado (Assessment of the Environment and the Injured Person)

• Initial assessment of the environment and patient is crucial to determine if an emergency exists.
• Environment should be assessed to ensure that the agent causing the emergency doesn't worsen the patient's condition or harm rescuers, considering hazards like electricity, fire, or unstable ground.
• A safe space to attend to the victim must be secured, away from the original cause of the emergency and other potential dangers like traffic.
• Patient assessment is important to determine the status to take appropriate steps, prioritize actions, and decide which patients need help most urgently in cases of multiple victims.
• The recommended steps to assess patient severity begins by level of consciousness, followed by: respiratory status, cardiocirculatory status, hemorrhages, and fractures.
• The first three steps assess vital urgency through observing consciousness and vital signs.
• Further evaluation includes possible injuries, with emphasis on external/internal bleeding and fractures.

Valoración del nivel de consciencia (Assessment of Consciousness Level)

• Consciousness level is the primary parameter to assess in an emergency.
• Consciousness provides direction on subsequent actions and indicates the patient's severity, especially in head injuries.
• Assess consciousness by calling the patient loudly and asking how they feel, and by gently shaking them to avoid worsening injuries.
• Multiple scales can be used to monitor consciousness levels.
• The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is widely used, analyzing eye-opening, verbal response, and motor response, assigning scores based on results.
• Repeating the Glasgow scale can track consciousness level.

Escala de Glasgow (Glasgow Scale)

• Apertura ocular (Eye opening):
  • Espontánea (Spontaneous): 4 puntos (points)
  • Al estímulo verbal (to verbal stimulus): 3 puntos
  • Al recibir un estimulo doloroso (to painful stimulus) : 2 puntos
  • No responde (No response): 1 punto
• Respuesta verbal(Verbal response):
  • Orientado(Oriented): 5 puntos
  • Confuso(Confused): 4 puntos
  • Palabras inapropiadas(Inappropriate words): 3 puntos
  • Sonidos incomprensibles(Incomprehensible sounds): 2 puntos
  • No responde(No response): 1 punto
• Respuesta motora (Motor response): -Cumple órdenes expresadas por voz(Obeys verbal commands): 6 puntos -Localiza el estimulo doloroso(Localizes pain): 5 puntos -Se retira ante el estimulo doloroso(Withdraws to pain): 4 puntos -Respuesta en flexión (postura de decorticación)(Flexion response (decorticate posture)): 3 puntos -Respuesta en extensión (postura de descerebración)(Extension response (decerebrate posture)): 2 puntos -No responde(No response): 1 punto

Estado de la consciencia (State of Consciousness)

• A Glasgow score can be obtained by summing the scores from eye-opening, verbal, and motor parameters.
• 15 points (maximum value): Normal consciousness level
• 9 to 13 points: Moderate decrease in consciousness level
• 8 or less points: Severe decrease in consciousness level (intubation required)
• 3 points (minimum value): Deep coma

Trastornos cuantitativos de la consciencia(Quantitative Consciousness Disorders)

• Quantitative consciousness disorders affect the alertness function, falling into the realm of psychiatry.
• Lipotimia: A transient dizziness without loss of consciousness due to decreased cerebral blood flow from reduced BP, emotions, heat exposure, etc. Symptoms include weakness, nausea, blurred vision, paleness, cold sweat, and faint breathing. Recommend lying down, elevating legs, and loosening tight clothing.
• Síncope (Syncope): Sudden, brief, reversible loss of consciousness. Cause is decreased cerebral blood flow. Symptoms are accompanied by sphincter relaxation and hypotension. Check breathing; elevate feet and loosen tight clothing.
• Obnubilación: The subject remains drowsy. Able to respond to strong stimulations as sound or light. But responds correctly with difficulty of concentration.
• Estupor: Individual reacts only to intense stimuli, moves and can moan. Can be light stimulation on a loud noise, to a strong stimuli as painful as pinch.
• Coma: Most serious problem, complete absence of vigilance and awareness. Accompanied of a loss of sensibility and motility volunteer.

Alteraciones de las pupilas (Pupil Alterations)

• In cases of loss of consciousness, especially from head trauma, pupillary inspection complements the Glasgow scale.
• Reactivas (Reactive): pupils constrict when light shines on them (normal)
• Arreactivas (Non-reactive): pupils do not constrict when light shines on them (abnormal)
• Miosis: smaller than normal pupil size for the light intensity (abnormal).
• Midriasis: larger than normal pupil size for the light intensity (abnormal).
• Isocóricas (Isichoric): both pupils are the same size.
• Anisocóricas (Anisochoric): one pupil is larger than the other (abnormal)

Soporte vital básico (SVB) (Basic Life Support (BLS))

• The European Resuscitation Council (ERC) is the leading European organization in matters of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).
• The ERC issues guidelines and protocols for CPR, based on input from European experts, with periodic reviews and updates.
• Spanish National CPR Plan is integrated in ERC.
• In 2017, updated guidelines showed that CPR with compressions and rescue breaths increases survival in children.

Recomendaciones dictadas por el ERC sobre reanimación cardiopulmonar y obstrucción de la vía aérea (OVACE)

• Chain of survival circumstances can increase chances of survival from sudden cardiorespiratory arrest.
• The elements include: Early recognition of the emergency; Early CPR; Early defibrillation and Early advanced life support.
• Reconocimiento precoz de la emergencia y llamar pidiendo ayuda; Early recognition of the emergency and ask for help. Early and effective responses can prevent cardiac arrest.
• RCP precoz por el testigo: Early CPR. CPR can double or triplicates survival from fibrillation ventriculars.
• Desfibrilación precoz; Early defibrillation. RCP with defibrillation in the heart allows high rates of survival.
• Soporte vital avanzado precoz y cuidados posreanimación:Advanced Life Support affects the result.

Calidad de la RCP (Quality of CPR)

• Interruptions of chest compression should be minimised.
• Recent evidences indicates that interruptions on thoracic compression happens frequently.
• Interrupciones innecesarias de las compresiones torácicas se dan frecuentemente tanto intra como extrahospitalariamente

Soporte vital básico de adultos (Adult Basic Life Support)

• SVB involves maintaining airway patency and supporting breathing/circulation without equipment, using only protective gear.
• The steps are: Ensure safety and Check victim's response.
• The question “¿Te encuentras bien?” (Are you okay?) to check for response: agitate their shoulders softly and ask.
• If the victim responds: Leave them if no danger, investigate, get help, and re-evaluate regularly.
• If the victim doesn't respond: Scream for help/Place victim on back and open airway/Look, listen, and feel for normal breathing.

Si la víctima está respirando normalmente (If the victim is breathing normally)

• Place victim in the recovery position.
• Send someone for help, or call ambulance.
• Check breathing often.

Si no está respirando normalmente(If the victim is not breathing normally)

• Send Someone For Help or, if they are alone, alert the ambulance service and return and start chest compressions in the following way: Kneel next to the victim and place the heel of one hand and put the other hand on the top. Interlock the fingers ensures no pressure applies to their ribs and abdomen. Place in vertical position and press on the sternum. Give two rescue breaths.

Manteniendo la vía aérea abierta, mire, air y sentir si hay una respiración normal (Keeping the airway open, look, listen, and feel if there is normal breathing)

• Para ello (to do this): Escuchar en la boca de la victima so hey sonidos respiratorios (Listen to the victim's mouth for respiratory sounds.) Y Sentir si se percibe aire espirado en nuestra mejilla(Feel for exhaled air on our cheek.)

Combinar las compresiones torácicas con respiraciones of rescate (Combine chest compressions)

• Tras 30 compresiones torácicas con respiraciones de rescate con una relación de 30:2 (Combine chest compressions after 30 repetitions to do breathing to give 2 respitrations) Si la victima comienza o respirar normalmente (If the victim starts to breathe normally):
• Devremos parar para volver a realizar una valoración (We have to stop to do it a new value) de otro modo (Otherwise):
• Si la respiración de rescate inicial so face que el tórax se eleve Como en una respiración (If the beginning respiratory breath does not made that your throat increases like respiratory breath):
• Volver a las compresiones torácicos (Return to thoracic compressions) .
• Continuar reanimación hasta que (Continue breath):
• *llegue yuda cuulificada y se haga and cargo**That some more know person and take the situation.
• víctima empiece o respirar normalmente (The victim starts to breathe or normal)*

Obstrucción de la vía aérea (Air way obstruction)

• Cause: Adult- Food. Children- Object like coins.
• Act:
  • Light obstruction- Encourage cough.
  • Severe obstruction: Conscious victim - Behind align victim. - Hold the chest with one hand. and lean the victim forward. - Give five interscapular strokes. - Check after each stroke and compressions is done. - Continue alternation between five strokes and compression

3. Hemorragias, heridas, quemaduras, causticaciones y congelaciones (3. Hemorrhages, wounds, burns, corrosions and freezing)

• Hemorragia (Hemorrhage): Any blood exit of the sanguine vessels due to a trauma, injury or previous illness.
• Gravidad de una hemorragia (Severity of a hemorrhage) depends off: The velocity which you get blood, blood, the age of the person and previous illness.

Tipos de vaso sanguineo roto (Types of broken blood vessels)

• Hemorragia capilar (Capillary hemorrhage): The blood proceeds the capillary red it's more frequent and more less serious.
• Hemorragia venosa (Venous hemorrhage): The bleeding comes the venous injured The blood flows in a continuous form and it's red dark color.
• Hemorragia arterial (Arterial hemorrhage): The bleeding comes of a or other arterial injuries. It's the more serious due to arterial pressure the blood is more intense.

Heridas (Wounds):

• Leve (light): one with light extension that there is no effect to the internal parts of the body.
• Grave (grave) : wounds that cannot comply with anterior requirements or that it cannot have a light aspect.

Esquilinces (Sprains):

• There are many types of it: It depends of the seriousness which can be rupture for one, light , medium or grave ruptures of ligaments.
• Fracturas (Fractures): The fractures are in the continuity of the bones and the most part is for strokes of the bones. They course with pain and inflammation too.
• Esguinces de grado II y III (Sprain degree II and III)
• Reducir el edema ( Edema reduction): apply ice wrapper for like 30 minutes.
• Colocar un vendaje compresivo ( Put a compressive bandage): Hold de injure with a brace.
• Mantener el miembro elevado desde el primer momento ( Mantain up the injurie moment): Prevent that edema has complications.

Luxaciones (Dislocations)

• Las luxaciones son la perdida permanente y completa de las relaciones entra las superficies articulares en una articulación ( luxation are complet the lost relations inside articulations) .
• Si la separacion de las superficies articulares no es completa ( if the relations in bones is not completed); hablamos de sublaxación ( We have to speak with a subxluxations) .
• Se acompaña de lesiones ligamentosas y de la capsula articular. . Su cause mas comun us traumatológica( moviemientos forzados o bruscos)( His caused most of the cases is by the stokes
• cursan con dolor en a movimientacion

Lesiones dermatológicas (Dermatologic injures)

• Fracturas (fractures): Es la pérfida de contenido del