Conceptos básicos de biología

• Biology is defined as the science of life, studying the structure, function, evolution, development, and relationship of living beings with their environment.
• An ovule is the female reproductive cell, also called a female gamete, produced by the ovaries.

Branches of Embryology

• Comparative embryology compares the embryos of living beings.
• Chemical embryology provides the chemical basis for orthogenic development.
• Modern embryology developed in the early 21st century and complements various disciplines such as genetics, medicine, and biochemistry.

Teratology

• Teratology is the branch of biology that studies congenital malformations or anomalies in the development of living beings, especially in embryos and fetuses.

Types of Asexual Reproduction

• Binary fission

• Budding

• Sporulation

• A living being is also called an organism.

Cytology

• Cytology or cell biology is the branch of biology that studies cells, including their structure, functions, and importance in the complexity of living beings.

Classification of Living Beings

• Monera
• Fungi
• Archaebacteria
• Plants
• Protists
• Animals

Composition of Cells

• Organic molecule
• Replication + variety results in evolution
• Polymers
• Interaction between different molecules
• Limiting membrane
• Genetic code
• DNA as the basis of information

Characteristics of Living Beings

• Organization and complexity
• Growth
• Metabolism
• Reproduction
• Movement
• Adaptation
• Irritability

Cell Theory

• All living beings are formed by cells.
• All cells come from pre-existing cells.
• The vital functions of the organism occur within the cell or in its open system immediate environment, controlled by substances they secrete.
• Each cell contains all the hereditary information necessary to control its own cycle, development, and functioning of an organism of its species.

Concepts

• Budding occurs when new individuals are produced from buds or warts on the mother cell.
• Mitosis is a process that occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and immediately precedes cell division. It consists of the equal distribution of hereditary (DNA) material.
• Zygote is the cell resulting from the union of the male gamete and the female gamete during fertilization.
• Meiosis: This process takes place in the sex glands for the production of gametes.
• Oogenesis is the process of formation and maturation of the ovum, which takes place in the ovarian cortex.
• Spermatogenesis is the mechanism responsible for the production of spermatozoa.
• Embryology is responsible for developing and studying orthogenesis.
• Chemical embryology provides the chemical bases of orthogenic development.
• Fertilization consists of the fusion of male and female gametes to form zygotes consisting of the fusion of nuclei of the gametes.

Parts of a Cell

• Mitochondria
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
• Ribosomes
• Lysosomes
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
• Golgi Complex
• Plastids
• Nucleolus
• Vacuoles
• Cell membrane
• Nucleus

Ribosomes

• Ribosomes are numerous organelles that are not surrounded by a membrane and are made up of two subunits.

Golgi Apparatus

• The Golgi apparatus is formed by flattened sacs surrounded by tubules and vesicles.
• Ribosomes contain ribosomal RNA and protein.

Mitochondria Location

• Mitochondria are found among the largest organelles of the cell.

Differences Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

• Prokaryotic cells:
  • The nucleus is not defined.
  • DNA is free in the cytoplasm.
  • Is smaller.
  • Few or no membrane bound organelles.
  • Bacteria are an example.
• Eukaryotic cells:
  • Has a true nucleus.
  • DNA is within the nucleus.
  • Is larger.
  • More organelles with membrane. (like mitocondria)
  • Animals, Plants, fungi and protists are examples.

Stages of Embryonic Development

• Segmentation: During this stage, the zygote undergoes a series of divisions that produce a large number of cells called blastomeres.
• Blastulation: Segmentation leads to a stage where the zygote reaches a large number of cells.
• Gastrulation: A set of processes that result in the formation of the fundamental layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
• Organogenesis: Consists of the formation of organs in the embryo from the three embryonic layers.