Concept of Science Prelim Reviewer

Science is a systematized body of knowledge that involves critical thinking, observation, hypothesis formulation, experimentation, and conclusion drawing.
Derived from the Latin word "scientia," meaning knowledge.
The maxim "Nullius in verba" suggests skepticism toward all claims.
Basic Science: Research producing knowledge without immediate practical use.
Applied Science: Research yielding knowledge with immediate practical applications.
Scientific Method Steps: Observation, Question, Hypothesis, Experiment, Data Collection, Conclusion.
Research involves collecting background information relevant to the hypothesis.
Dependent Variable: Measured in the investigation.
Independent Variable: Altered by the researcher.
Controlled Variables: Factors kept constant to ensure valid investigation results.

Modern Ages: Time period post-Middle Ages, extending to the contemporary era.
Heavy Plough: An agricultural tool designed to cultivate tough soil efficiently.
Papyrus: An early writing medium used in ancient Egypt and Mediterranean regions.
Cuneiform: The oldest writing system using wedge-shaped symbols carved on clay.
Shadoof: An ancient device for lifting water for irrigation.
Aeolipile: An early steam-powered device known as Hero’s engine.
Gunpowder: Invented by alchemists, initially aimed for immortality but adapted for other uses.
Wheel: Originally for agricultural tasks, it became a foundational invention for technology.
Jacquard Loom: Weaving technology that employs punched cards to dictate patterns.
Microscope: Revolutionized understanding of disease through germ theory.
Telescope: Expanded astronomical perspective and the understanding of Earth's place in the universe.
E-jeepney: Environmentally friendly transportation solution.

Joseph Estrada: Notable for his association with the "I LOVE YOU VIRUS."
Corazon Aquino: Key in establishing the Science and Technology Standard (STS).
Fidel V. Ramos: Pivotal in transitioning the Philippines to a new industrialized nation.
Dr. Fe del Mundo: Innovated the incubator for neonatal care.
Wright Brothers: Pioneers of airplane technology.

Marked a significant transformation in societal thought processes.
Ptolemy: Advocated for the Geocentric theory of the universe.
Copernicus: Introduced the Heliocentric theory, placing the sun at the universe’s center.
Aristarchus: Suggested that the Earth rotates around the sun and spins on its axis.
Galileo Galilei: Supported the heliocentric theory through celestial observations, faced imprisonment by the Catholic Inquisition.
Charles Darwin: Formulated the Theory of Evolution, detailing life form adaptation via natural selection.
Natural Selection: The environmental process determining organism survival based on fitness.
Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory: Introduced three mental states:
- Conscious: Aware thoughts and perceptions.
- Pre-Conscious: Easily recalled memories.
- Unconscious: Deeply rooted tendencies not readily accessible to awareness.