Questions and Answers
Which of the following are anti-corruption bodies mentioned? (Select all that apply)
What is one priority of the PACC regarding civil service?
Professionalize civil service based on meritocracy.
The PACC was abolished on June 30, 2022.
True
Transformational leaders are known to evoke strong __________.
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What are the four core leadership pillars of 'heroic' leadership based on Ignatian spirituality? (Select all that apply)
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What is the basic definition of adaptive leadership?
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In a high context culture, __________ harmony and acceptance are very important.
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What are the ten characteristics of a servant leader?
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Ethical culture can be created by solely working on individuals.
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The process of cultural __________ involves learning and internalizing values and beliefs.
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Why do companies need to be ethical? (Select all that apply)
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What is one element in building an ethics culture?
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What are the most pressing problems?
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Where are the problems coming from?
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Which of the following is an example of the Prisoner's Dilemma?
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What are your organization’s strengths and weaknesses that contribute to the problems?
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Samaritan's Dilemma focuses on improving another's condition and avoiding dependency.
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What should be the key components of an organizational ethics program in the Philippines?
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What is Zugzwang?
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What are the two dimensions of ethics in leadership?
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Morality must be backed by good reasons and impartial consideration of each individual's interests.
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Ethics can be applied without considering moral standards.
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The acronym ALIR stands for Accountability, Legality, Integrity, and __________.
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What is accountability in a democratic context?
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What is virtue according to the text?
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What are civil servants expected to demonstrate according to the principle of integrity?
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Which of the following is NOT included in the layers of moral standards?
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Match the ethical principles with their definitions:
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What is the Golden Mean in virtue ethics?
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What is the first step in the 7-Step Model for Making Ethical Decisions?
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What does Kant's deontological ethics emphasize?
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Which principle is NOT part of John Rawls's theory of justice?
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Morality differs in every __________.
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What defines consequentialism?
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According to Darius, what did the Greeks think of the Callatians' practice?
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What ethical dilemma does Heinz's dilemma illustrate?
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In the ethical context, a dilemma is a choice between __________ imperatives.
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Match the ethical theories with their descriptions:
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What does Cultural Relativism say about moral codes?
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Cultural Relativism claims there is a universal truth in ethics.
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What conclusion does the Cultural Differences Argument reach?
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What is a potential consequence of taking Cultural Relativism seriously?
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How do cultures with differing customs sometimes hold similar values?
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According to the author, societies that do not care for their young would survive.
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What would happen if truth-telling had no value in a society?
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What does Cultural Relativism claim about the moral code of one's own society?
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Which of the following rules are considered necessary for societies to exist? (Select all that apply)
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Cultural relativism argues that no moral rules can vary from society to society.
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What two lessons can be learned from cultural relativism?
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John Rawls' theory of social justice is based on the principles of __________ and __________.
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What does the 'original position' refer to in John Rawls' theory?
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What is a concept map?
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What is one of the primary purposes of a concept map?
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What are nodes in concept maps?
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Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using concept maps?
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Deontological ethics is concerned with the consequences of actions.
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Who is a prominent figure associated with deontological ethics?
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Which ethical theory emphasizes actions done from duty?
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What does the Categorical Imperative state?
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What sources of power are based on one’s position in an organization?
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Accountability means that an individual is obliged to explain their actions to someone else.
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The misuse or abuse of public office for private gain is called _____.
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What is one of the reasons for the prevalence of corruption in government spending offices?
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Study Notes
Concept Mapping
- Concept maps visually represent the structure of a theme, akin to a roadmap, facilitating knowledge exploration and information sharing.
- They illustrate meaningful relationships between concepts through propositions presented as diagrams.
- Concept mapping enhances comprehension of complex information at a glance, aiding in the handling of this information effectively.
Advantages of Concept Mapping
- Offers a tangible, visual image of concepts, easily focused on during study.
- Allows for quick revisions and updates when necessary, promoting adaptability in learning.
- Encourages active learning by consolidating understanding of concepts and their interrelations.
Characteristics of Concept Maps
- Composed of nodes or cells that hold concepts, items, or questions linked by arrows that denote relationships.
- The labeling of links explains the relationship and direction between nodes, akin to reading a sentence.
Duty-based Ethics (Deontological Ethics)
- Focuses on the morality of actions themselves rather than the consequences, emphasizing doing the right thing primarily because it is right.
- Derived from the Greek word "deon," meaning "duty," this ethical framework underscores the importance of moral rules.
- Examples include Divine Command Theory, Kantian Ethics, and "The Golden Rule."
Strengths of Duty-based Ethics
- Emphasizes the inherent value of every individual, ensuring respect and human rights.
- Asserts that certain acts are categorically wrong, irrespective of their consequences, reflecting common moral intuitions.
- Provides certainty in ethical decision-making, as actions can be judged directly without considering unpredictable consequences.
- Addresses intentions, recognizing actions performed without malicious intent as morally different from intentional wrongdoings.
Limitations of Duty-based Ethics
- Possesses an absolutist nature, creating rigid rules that may not accommodate exceptions.
- Can lead to decisions that diminish overall happiness since it often overlooks the outcomes of actions.
- Struggles with scenarios where duties conflict, making ethical decision-making complex.
Kant’s Ethics of Duty
- Asserts that moral worth stems from actions performed out of duty, not from self-interest or consequences.
- Actions hold moral obligation when their maxim can qualify as a universal law.
- Advocates for treating humanity as an end in itself, respecting individual autonomy.
Power and Accountability in Organizations
- Various sources of power include legitimate, reward, coercive, information, expert, referent, and prestige power rooted in position or personal qualities.
- Ethical networking fosters trust and professional relationships, while unethical practices include manipulation and sabotage.
- Accountability involves both explainability of actions and enforceability of responsible conduct.
Corruption and Anti-corruption Strategies
- Corruption involves the abuse of power for personal gain, manifesting in forms like bribery, nepotism, and fraud.
- The Philippines ranked 115 in the 2020 Corruption Perception Index, highlighting ongoing challenges.
- Recommended strategies for combating corruption include policy reforms, increased public oversight, and judicial improvements.
Transformational Leadership Theory
- Involves developing and selling a vision while creating trust and integrity among followers.
- Emphasizes the leader's visible presence and commitment during actions, fostering high levels of engagement and emotional investment from followers.
Transformational Leadership
- Utilizes ceremonies, rituals, slogans, and cultural symbolism to generate strong emotional responses.
- Links transformational leadership with ethics and morality.
- Recognizes potential for moral ambiguity; historical figures like Adolf Hitler exemplify this misuse of transformational skills.
Heroic Leadership
- Grounded in Ignatian/Jesuit spirituality, emphasizing four core pillars:
- Self-awareness: Understanding personal strengths and values.
- Ingenuity: Ability to innovate and adapt.
- Love: Engaging positively with others to unlock their potential.
- Heroism: Inspiring oneself and others towards excellence.
Servant Leadership
- Leaders prioritize serving their team, fostering an environment for each member to maximize their potential.
- Defined by ten characteristics:
- Listening, empathy, healing, awareness, persuasion, foresight, stewardship, commitment to growth, community building, conceptualization.
Adaptive Leadership
- Leadership viewed as an activity focused on mobilizing resources to address complex challenges, not limited to traits or characteristics.
Resonant Leadership
- Involves emotional intelligence in leadership, generating positive emotions and fostering harmony in organizations.
- Essential components of emotional intelligence in leadership:
- Self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, relationship management.
Power in Leadership
- Power defined as the potential influence over people’s attitudes and behaviors.
- Types of power include:
- Legitimate: Authority that creates obligations.
- Reward: Ability to provide valued rewards.
- Coercive: Ability to impose sanctions.
- Information: Control over information access.
- Referent: Influence based on personal acceptance.
- Expert: Knowledge or insight that commands respect.
Misuse and Abuse of Power
- Adverse effects include a lack of trust, poor leadership, and breakdowns in team dynamics.
- Dark side of leadership can stem from excessive self-interest or detachment from reality.
Ethical Leadership
- Ethical leadership involves a conscientious moral agent, acting impartially and based on principles.
- Importance of fostering an ethical organizational culture through vision, assessment, and modeling ethical behavior.
Culture in Organizations
- Culture reflects shared values, attitudes, and practices cultivated over time.
- Layers of culture:
- Core values (worldview), middle-layer norms (rules), and outer explicit practices.
Changing Organizational Culture
- Initiatives should include individual transformations and structural reforms.
- Building an ethical culture requires effort from both leadership and community involvement.
Importance of Ethical Organizations
- Ethical companies attract talent and commitment, with studies showing a preference for ethical workplaces over higher salaries.
- Organizations with ethics codes outperform others in shareholder value.
Checklist for Building an Ethical Culture
- Establish clear vision and ethics standards.
- Conduct ethics audits and ensure leadership commitment.
- Implement and enforce a comprehensive code of conduct.
Ethical Dilemmas
- Dilemmas can arise at individual, organizational, and systemic levels, requiring analysis of ethical implications on stakeholders.
- Leaders face challenges balancing personal morals with organizational policies and systemic pressures.
The Role of Ethics and Morality
- Ethics applies moral standards to behavior in diverse contexts (tradition, religion, culture, law).
- Individuals are encouraged to act as conscientious moral agents, considering the broader implications of their decisions and values.
Influencing Organizational Ethics
- Leaders must model ethical behavior and implement supportive structures, translating vision into practice.
- Reflection and renewal are key in fostering an adaptable ethical culture within organizations.### Ethical Balance
- Virtue Ethics emphasizes character over actions, focusing on the kind of person one becomes through their actions.
- Aristotle defines virtue as a disposition to choose noble actions for their own sake, representing a mean between excess and deficiency.
- Classical virtues include honesty, courage, and integrity.
- Moral virtues are acquired through habitual behavior, contributing to a person's moral character.
Virtue Ethics
- The ultimate goal of Virtue Ethics is achieving a good life, benefiting both individuals and society.
- It concentrates on character development rather than individual actions.
- Intellectual virtues are acquired through education and understanding.
- The concept of the Golden Mean advocates for balance between extremes (excess and deficiency).
Strengths and Limitations of Virtue Ethics
- Strengths: Focus on the whole person; incorporates accountability and character traits.
- Limitations: Lacks clear guidelines for resolving ethical dilemmas; there is no universal consensus on which virtues are essential.
Duty Ethics
- Deontological ethics, associated with Immanuel Kant and W.D. Ross, emphasizes acting according to moral laws, irrespective of consequences.
- Fundamental principles include universalizability (acting as if one's actions should be universal law) and respect for individual dignity.
- It addresses moral obligations and intentions behind actions.
Strengths and Limitations of Duty Ethics
- Strengths: Upholds the value of human beings and moral absolutes.
- Limitations: Can lead to rigid conclusions, ignore outcomes, and create conflicting duties.
Justice Ethics
- John Rawls' theory centers on fairness, emphasizing basic liberties and social contract principles.
- Two moral powers: sense of justice and conception of the good.
- Justice principles include Equal Liberty and conditions for addressing inequalities.
Strengths and Limitations of Justice Ethics
- Strengths: Provides comprehensive principles for fairness.
- Limitations: May overlook practical efficiency in pursuit of equitability and ignores individual differences.
Utility Ethics
- Utilitarianism, championed by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, evaluates actions based on their outcomes, aiming to maximize happiness for the greatest number.
- Distinguishes between act and rule utilitarianism, focusing either on individual actions or established codes of conduct.
Strengths and Limitations of Utility Ethics
- Strengths: Concentrates on the overall well-being of society.
- Limitations: May conflict with issues of justice, potentially allowing harm to minorities for greater good.
Ethical Dilemmas
- Ethical dilemmas involve complex decision-making scenarios like the Chicken or Egg dilemma, Double Bind, and Prisoner's Dilemma.
- Examples like the Heinz dilemma illustrate the challenges one faces in moral decision-making.
Ethics and Leadership
- Ethical judgment requires openness, reflection, and avoidance of dogmatism.
- Interactions within leadership emphasize mutual influence between leaders and followers, aiming for real changes.
Ethical Content and Process
- Effective leadership involves both ethical content (the changes planned) and the ethical process (how leaders engage others).
ALIR Criteria for Ethical Decision-Making
- The criteria include Accountability, Legality, Integrity, and Responsiveness.
- These principles ensure bureaucratic accountability and legal compliance in governance.
Accountability in Public Service
- Accountability is the duty of individuals in public service to answer for their responsibilities and actions.
- Public servants ultimately serve the interests of the people, emphasizing democratic principles.
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Description
This quiz explores the concept of concept mapping as a tool for enhancing learning and understanding complex information. It emphasizes the importance of visual representation in organizing knowledge and the relationships between concepts. Suitable for those interested in educational techniques and learning strategies.
