Computer Software Overview

The operating system manages computer hardware and software resources, including starting, allocating, monitoring, and managing files and user interaction.

Computer memory is categorized as main (internal) and secondary (external) memory. Main memory stores data actively used, while secondary memory stores data persistently.

Volatile memory temporarily storing data and instructions actively used by the computer. It loses its contents when power is off.

Non-volatile memory containing permanent manufacturer instructions used during booting and system control.

Non-volatile memory, like hard drives, for persistent storage of data and software. This data is saved even when the computer is off.

The operating system's function of assigning computer resources (like memory) to programs and tasks based on their needs.

The operating system's function of organizing and managing the contents of computer files.

The sequence of events that occur when a computer starts up, including loading the operating system.

Expanding a binary number using powers of 2 and adding the results.

Repeatedly divide the decimal by 2 and record the remainders. The remainders represent the binary digits.

Expanding an octal number using powers of 8 and adding the results.

Repeatedly divide decimal by 8 and record remainders, that are the octal digits.

Expanding a hexadecimal number using powers of 16 and adding the results. Hex digits above 9 are represented by letters (A=10, B=11, etc.)

Repeatedly divide decimal by 16 and record the remainders.

A number system using base-2 (only 0 and 1)

A number system using base-16 (0-9 and A-F).

Converting the decimal number 280 to its hexadecimal equivalent (118).

The smallest unit of data in a computer, representing either a 0 or a 1.

A unit of storage in a computer consisting of 8 bits.

A unit of computer storage equal to 1024 bytes.

A set of step-by-step instructions to solve a problem.

A visual representation of an algorithm using symbols.

Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. A simple, early programming language.

A version of BASIC, commonly used on IBM-compatible PCs.

BASIC, or Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code, is a high-level programming language designed for beginners to learn programming concepts. It is known for its simple syntax and ease of use.

BASIC programs are made up of a series of statements, each starting with a line number, that tell the computer what to do. These statements are executed in order, following the line numbers.

CLS clears the display screen in BASIC, removing any previous output and preparing a clean slate for new output to be displayed.

LET assigns a value to a variable, storing data in the variable for later use in the program.

INPUT prompts the user to enter data, which is then stored in a variable for use in the program.

DATA defines a list of data values, which are stored in the program and can be retrieved later using the READ statement.

PRINT displays output on the screen, showing results or messages calculated or generated by the BASIC program.

END marks the end of a BASIC program, stopping its execution and returning control back to the computer system.

Rules for writing BASIC programs, including using capital letters, starting lines with numbers, and ending with an END statement.

All BASIC expressions must be written in capital letters.

Each BASIC statement must start with a line number.

Each line in a BASIC program should contain only one BASIC statement.

Fixed values stored in a BASIC program, like 10.

Values in a BASIC program that can change during execution, like name.

Visual representations of program steps like input, output, processing, and decisions.

A flowchart symbol representing a condition that determines the next steps in a program.

A symbol used in flowcharts to indicate a jump from one part of the chart to another or to show continuation.

A symbol representing the declaration and initialization of variables and other data.

This symbol represents a process that's already defined elsewhere or is a standard built-in function.

A flowchart illustrating the process of adding integers from 1 to a specific number 'N', using a loop and a variable to keep track of the sum.

A loop in a flowchart is a set of instructions repeated until a specific condition is met.

A condition in a flowchart is a question or test that determines which path the flow will take.

A variable in a flowchart is a named container that stores a value that can change during the program's execution.

These symbols mark the beginning and end of a flowchart, indicating the start and end points of the program's execution.