Computer Science Unit 2: Microprocessors
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Questions and Answers

What type of operations is a microprocessor designed to perform?

  • Graphic rendering and multimedia processing
  • Network communications management
  • Arithmetic and logic operations (correct)
  • Data storage and retrieval

    • What is the bit width of the 8086 processor's ALU and registers?

  • 8-bit
  • 32-bit
  • 64-bit
  • 16-bit (correct)

    • How does pipelining improve the performance of the 8086 processor?

  • By fetching and executing instructions in separate stages (correct)
  • By executing multiple instructions in parallel
  • By using a larger number of registers
  • By fetching all instructions at once

    • Which modes does the 8086 operate in?

    <p>Minimum and Maximum Mode (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total memory access capability of the 8086 processor?

    <p>1 MB (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of registers are part of the architecture of the 8086?

    <p>General Registers and Segment Registers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantages does the 8086 have regarding its instruction set?

    <p>Supports both multiplication and division operations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two functional units of the 8086 CPU?

    <p>Bus Interface Unit and Execution Unit (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effective address of memory for the code segment with CS = 1234 H and IP = 0042 H?

    <p>12382H (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which address represents the base address of the data segment when DS = 3333 H?

    <p>33330H (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effective address for the stack segment when SS = 9526 H and SP = 1800 H?

    <p>96A60H (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If SS = 2526 H, what is the base address of the stack segment?

    <p>25260H (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effective address of memory for the data segment with ES = 0014 H and DI = 2020 H?

    <p>02160H (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the BHE signal indicate when it is set to low?

    <p>Transfer of higher order bytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which signal indicates that the addressed memory or I/O device is ready for data transfer?

    <p>READY (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the TEST signal affect the execution of instructions?

    <p>Execution continues until it goes low (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the state QS0 = 1 and QS1 = 0 represent?

    <p>First byte of op code from queue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which signal is responsible for providing basic timing for the processor and bus controller?

    <p>CLK (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the MN/MX signal?

    <p>The mode of operation of the processor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the RESET signal is activated?

    <p>It terminates the current activity immediately (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following states is represented by QS1 = 0 and QS0 = 0?

    <p>No operation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 'EQU' directive in assembly language?

    <p>To create an alias for a constant value. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which assembly directive is used to define a doubleword?

    <p>DD (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of flag manipulation instructions, what does the 'CLC' instruction do?

    <p>Clear Carry Flag (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which instruction is used to halt the process in machine control operations?

    <p>HLT (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'DB' directive represent in assembly language?

    <p>Define Byte (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which flag manipulation instruction is used to set the Direction Flag?

    <p>STD (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'NOP' instruction do in machine control operations?

    <p>Perform no operation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which assembly instruction would you use to rotate bits to the left?

    <p>ROL (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What machine cycle is represented by the signal state S2 1, S1 0, S0 1?

    <p>Memory Read (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which signal is used to indicate that the processor is ready to send or receive data?

    <p>DEN (#) (Data Enable) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the HOLD signal in a bus request?

    <p>It shows that a DMA master is requesting control of the bus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which signal function differentiates between memory access and I/O access?

    <p>M/IO (#) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What parts of the address bus does the ALE signal demultiplex?

    <p>AD0-AD15 to A0-A15 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the DT/R signal indicate at a high level?

    <p>Transmitting data (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the function of the INTA signal?

    <p>It acknowledges an interrupt and communicates the type. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the bus request/grant signaling system, which request signal has greater priority?

    <p>RQ (#) / GT0 (#) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Microprocessor Overview

    • Microprocessor, or logic chip, serves as the core of the CPU, acting as the "Heart of Computer."
    • It performs arithmetic and logic operations utilizing registers for data storage.
    • Typical operations include addition, subtraction, and data fetching through structured instructions.

    Intel 8086 Microprocessor

    • The 8086 is a 16-bit processor, featuring a 16-bit ALU and both internal and external data buses.
    • Its architecture incorporates 20-bit address lines, allowing access to 1 MB (2^20 locations) of memory.

    Pipelining and Segmentation

    • Utilizes two-stage pipelining:
      • Fetch stage retrieves up to 6 bytes of instructions into a queue.
      • Execute stage processes these instructions.
    • Segmentation divides memory into four distinct segments.

    Operating Modes

    • Functions in two modes:
      • Minimum Mode: Operates with a single microprocessor.
      • Maximum Mode: Utilizes multiple processors.
    • Implements a memory banking system, splitting data storage into two banks of 512 KB.

    Interrupts and Arithmetic Operations

    • Supports 256 vectored interrupts for efficient task handling.
    • Extensive instruction set facilitates multiplication and division operations.

    8086 Architecture Components

    • Key components include:
      • Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
      • Flag Register
      • General Registers
      • Instruction Stream Byte Queue
      • Segment Registers

    Execution and Bus Interface Units

    • The CPU structure divides into:
      • Bus Interface Unit (BIU): Manages data transfer and bus control.
      • Execution Unit (EU): Executes instructions and performs calculations.

    Signal Descriptions

    • BHE (Bus High Enable) determines data transfer byte order based on address lines.
    • Non-maskable interrupt (NMI) signals are crucial for prioritizing interrupts.
    • Other signals regulate timing (CLK), memory readiness (READY), and data flow direction (DT/R).

    Modes Signal Functions

    • Minimum Mode signals handle single processor operations, e.g., INTA for interrupt acknowledgment.
    • Maximum Mode signals allow multiple processors, denoting operation statuses and machine cycles.

    Physical Address Calculation

    • Physical addresses calculated from segment registers (CS, ES, SS) combined with respective offsets.
    • Examples provided for segment bases and effective addresses.

    Assemblers, Linkers, and Loaders

    • Assemblers convert assembly code into machine language.
    • Linkers and loaders manage code integration and memory allocation during execution.

    Procedures and Macros

    • Procedures organize code into reusable blocks, while macros simplify writing repeating tasks.
    • Highlighted differences between macro and procedure definitions emphasize efficiency in coding.

    Directives in Assembly Language

    • Pseudo-operations guide the assembler, including DB for bytes, DD for double words, and SEGMENT statements.
    • Defined end of code segments ensures clarity in code structure.

    Flag Manipulation and Control Instructions

    • Instructions like CLC, CMC, and STC manage flag states, crucial for controlling flow and operations.
    • Machine control instructions like WAIT and HLT regulate processor actions.

    Shift, Rotate, and String Instructions

    • Provides functional detail on data manipulation methods via shift and rotate operations.
    • String instructions streamline processing of sequences of data for optimization.

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    Quiz Team

    Description

    Explore the fundamental concepts of microprocessors in this quiz based on Unit 2 of Computer Science. Learn about the functions of a microprocessor, its role as the central processing unit, and its characteristics. Test your knowledge on arithmetic and logic operations in computing.

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