Computer Science Unit 2: Microprocessors

Questions and Answers

What type of operations is a microprocessor designed to perform?

Graphic rendering and multimedia processing

Network communications management

Arithmetic and logic operations (correct)

Data storage and retrieval

What is the bit width of the 8086 processor's ALU and registers?

8-bit

32-bit

64-bit

16-bit (correct)

How does pipelining improve the performance of the 8086 processor?

By fetching and executing instructions in separate stages (correct)

By executing multiple instructions in parallel

By using a larger number of registers

By fetching all instructions at once

Which modes does the 8086 operate in?

Minimum and Maximum Mode Signup and view all the answers

What is the total memory access capability of the 8086 processor?

1 MB Signup and view all the answers

What types of registers are part of the architecture of the 8086?

General Registers and Segment Registers Signup and view all the answers

What advantages does the 8086 have regarding its instruction set?

Supports both multiplication and division operations Signup and view all the answers

What are the two functional units of the 8086 CPU?

Bus Interface Unit and Execution Unit Signup and view all the answers

What is the effective address of memory for the code segment with CS = 1234 H and IP = 0042 H?

12382H Signup and view all the answers

Which address represents the base address of the data segment when DS = 3333 H?

33330H Signup and view all the answers

What is the effective address for the stack segment when SS = 9526 H and SP = 1800 H?

96A60H Signup and view all the answers

If SS = 2526 H, what is the base address of the stack segment?

25260H Signup and view all the answers

What is the effective address of memory for the data segment with ES = 0014 H and DI = 2020 H?

02160H Signup and view all the answers

What does the BHE signal indicate when it is set to low?

Transfer of higher order bytes Signup and view all the answers

Which signal indicates that the addressed memory or I/O device is ready for data transfer?

READY Signup and view all the answers

How does the TEST signal affect the execution of instructions?

Execution continues until it goes low Signup and view all the answers

What does the state QS0 = 1 and QS1 = 0 represent?

First byte of op code from queue Signup and view all the answers

Which signal is responsible for providing basic timing for the processor and bus controller?

CLK Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the MN/MX signal?

The mode of operation of the processor Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the RESET signal is activated?

It terminates the current activity immediately Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following states is represented by QS1 = 0 and QS0 = 0?

No operation Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'EQU' directive in assembly language?

To create an alias for a constant value. Signup and view all the answers

Which assembly directive is used to define a doubleword?

DD Signup and view all the answers

In the context of flag manipulation instructions, what does the 'CLC' instruction do?

Clear Carry Flag Signup and view all the answers

Which instruction is used to halt the process in machine control operations?

HLT Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'DB' directive represent in assembly language?

Define Byte Signup and view all the answers

Which flag manipulation instruction is used to set the Direction Flag?

STD Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'NOP' instruction do in machine control operations?

Perform no operation Signup and view all the answers

Which assembly instruction would you use to rotate bits to the left?

ROL Signup and view all the answers

What machine cycle is represented by the signal state S2 1, S1 0, S0 1?

Memory Read Signup and view all the answers

Which signal is used to indicate that the processor is ready to send or receive data?

DEN (#) (Data Enable) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the HOLD signal in a bus request?

It shows that a DMA master is requesting control of the bus. Signup and view all the answers

Which signal function differentiates between memory access and I/O access?

M/IO (#) Signup and view all the answers

What parts of the address bus does the ALE signal demultiplex?

AD0-AD15 to A0-A15 Signup and view all the answers

What does the DT/R signal indicate at a high level?

Transmitting data Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the function of the INTA signal?

It acknowledges an interrupt and communicates the type. Signup and view all the answers

In the bus request/grant signaling system, which request signal has greater priority?

RQ (#) / GT0 (#) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Microprocessor Overview

Microprocessor, or logic chip, serves as the core of the CPU, acting as the "Heart of Computer."
It performs arithmetic and logic operations utilizing registers for data storage.
Typical operations include addition, subtraction, and data fetching through structured instructions.

Intel 8086 Microprocessor

The 8086 is a 16-bit processor, featuring a 16-bit ALU and both internal and external data buses.
Its architecture incorporates 20-bit address lines, allowing access to 1 MB (2^20 locations) of memory.

Pipelining and Segmentation

Utilizes two-stage pipelining:
- Fetch stage retrieves up to 6 bytes of instructions into a queue.
- Execute stage processes these instructions.
Segmentation divides memory into four distinct segments.

Operating Modes

Functions in two modes:
- Minimum Mode: Operates with a single microprocessor.
- Maximum Mode: Utilizes multiple processors.
Implements a memory banking system, splitting data storage into two banks of 512 KB.

Interrupts and Arithmetic Operations

Supports 256 vectored interrupts for efficient task handling.
Extensive instruction set facilitates multiplication and division operations.

8086 Architecture Components

Key components include:
- Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
- Flag Register
- General Registers
- Instruction Stream Byte Queue
- Segment Registers

Execution and Bus Interface Units

The CPU structure divides into:
- Bus Interface Unit (BIU): Manages data transfer and bus control.
- Execution Unit (EU): Executes instructions and performs calculations.

Signal Descriptions

BHE (Bus High Enable) determines data transfer byte order based on address lines.
Non-maskable interrupt (NMI) signals are crucial for prioritizing interrupts.
Other signals regulate timing (CLK), memory readiness (READY), and data flow direction (DT/R).

Modes Signal Functions

Minimum Mode signals handle single processor operations, e.g., INTA for interrupt acknowledgment.
Maximum Mode signals allow multiple processors, denoting operation statuses and machine cycles.

Physical Address Calculation

Physical addresses calculated from segment registers (CS, ES, SS) combined with respective offsets.
Examples provided for segment bases and effective addresses.

Assemblers, Linkers, and Loaders

Assemblers convert assembly code into machine language.
Linkers and loaders manage code integration and memory allocation during execution.

Procedures and Macros

Procedures organize code into reusable blocks, while macros simplify writing repeating tasks.
Highlighted differences between macro and procedure definitions emphasize efficiency in coding.

Directives in Assembly Language

Pseudo-operations guide the assembler, including DB for bytes, DD for double words, and SEGMENT statements.
Defined end of code segments ensures clarity in code structure.

Flag Manipulation and Control Instructions

Instructions like CLC, CMC, and STC manage flag states, crucial for controlling flow and operations.
Machine control instructions like WAIT and HLT regulate processor actions.

Shift, Rotate, and String Instructions

Provides functional detail on data manipulation methods via shift and rotate operations.
String instructions streamline processing of sequences of data for optimization.

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Description

Explore the fundamental concepts of microprocessors in this quiz based on Unit 2 of Computer Science. Learn about the functions of a microprocessor, its role as the central processing unit, and its characteristics. Test your knowledge on arithmetic and logic operations in computing.