Computer Architecture: Central Processing Unit

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the microprocessor?

To perform all computational tasks and calculations (correct)

To control the flow of data in the computer

To perform input and output operations

To store data temporarily

What is the maximum memory location that can be accessed by the Intel 4004 microprocessor?

2048

8192

4096 (correct)

16384

What is the word length of the Intel 4004 microprocessor?

8-bit

4-bit (correct)

16-bit

12-bit

What is the major drawback of the ENIAC?

It had to be programmed manually by setting switches and plugging and unplugging cables Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Bus Interface Unit (BIU)?

To interface with external devices Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of processor that is most popular in computers?

Intel Pentium Signup and view all the answers

What is the feature based on which microprocessors can be classified?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the first microprocessor released by Intel?

Intel 4004 Signup and view all the answers

What is the bit size of the microprocessor that can process, send, and evaluate in parallel?

16-bit Signup and view all the answers

What is the size of the address bus in the 8086 microprocessor?

20-bit Signup and view all the answers

How many I/O ports can the 8086 microprocessor access?

2^16 Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of multiplexed address and data bus in the 8086 microprocessor?

Decrease the number of pins needed Signup and view all the answers

In what mode does the 8086 microprocessor operate in a multiprocessor system?

Maximum mode Signup and view all the answers

What feature of the 8086 microprocessor allows it to support multiple programs?

Multiprogramming Signup and view all the answers

How many registers does the 8086 microprocessor have?

14 Signup and view all the answers

What is the size of the data bus in the 8086 microprocessor?

16-bit Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of separating the 8086 microprocessor into two functional units?

To increase the processing speed of the processor Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Bus Interface Unit (BIU) in the 8086 microprocessor?

To provide a interface to the outside world Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the adder in the BIU?

To generate the 20-bit physical address Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Instruction Queue in the BIU?

To support instruction queuing Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Execution Unit (EU) in the 8086 microprocessor?

To execute instructions and perform processing Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of multiprogramming in terms of time?

It allows multiple programs to be executed simultaneously Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the measure of the number of instructions executed per unit of time?

Throughput Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Address Summer in the BIU?

To generate the 20-bit physical address Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

ENIAC - Background

Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer (ENIAC) was developed by Eckert and Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania (BRL)
Started in 1943, finished in 1946, but too late for war effort
Used until 1955

Properties of ENIAC

Decimal (not binary)
20 accumulators of 10 digits
Programmed manually by switches
18,000 vacuum tubes
30 tons, 15,000 square feet
140 kW power consumption
5,000 additions per second

Major Drawback of ENIAC

Had to be programmed manually by setting switches and plugging and unplugging cables

Microprocessor

A general-purpose programmable logic device
Brain of the computer, performs all computational tasks, calculations, and data processing
Most popular type is Intel Pentium
Can be classified based on features

Historical Overview of Microprocessors

First microprocessor: Intel 4004, a 4-bit microprocessor with 12-bit address lines and 45 instructions
Intel 4040: updated version of 4004 with enhanced speed
Intel 8008: 8-bit and faster version with expanded memory size up to 16 Kbytes
Intel 8080: updated version of 8008 with additional instructions
Intel 8085: updated version of 8080
Intel 8086: 16-bit microprocessor with enhanced features

Bandwidth and Clock Speed

Bandwidth: number of bits processed by microprocessor in a single instruction
Clock Speed: determines processing speed of instructions inside the processor, measured in Hz

8086 Microprocessor

16-bit microprocessor
16-bit data bus, can read/write data from/to memory and ports
20-bit address bus, can access 2^20 or 1,048,576 locations
Can generate 16-bit I/O address, can access 2^16 = 65536 I/O ports
14 registers each with 16-bit
Multiplexed address and data bus, reducing pins needed
Operates in minimum mode (single CPU) or maximum mode (multiprocessor)
Supports multiprogramming
Fetches up to six instruction bytes from memory and queue to speed up instruction execution

Architecture of 8086

Internally divided into two functional units: Bus Interface Unit (BIU) and Execution Unit (EU)
BIU and EU can work simultaneously to increase throughput
BIU interacts with memory and I/O devices, fetching instructions and data required by EU
EU executes instructions and carries out processing

Bus Interface Unit (BIU)

BIU is 8086's interface to the outside world
Provides 16-bit bi-directional data bus and 20-bit address bus
Responsible for external bus operations: sending address, fetching instructions, reading/writing data
Supports instruction queuing and address relocation
Contains instruction queue, segment registers, instruction pointers, address adder, and bus control logic

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Description

This quiz covers the basics of computer architecture, including ENIAC, microprocessors, and the 8086 architecture.