Computer Science Semester 6: Software Types

Software

• Software consists of instructions, data, or programs that operate a computer and perform specific tasks.
• It differentiates from hardware, the physical components of a computer.
• Software includes applications, scripts, and programs used on devices.

Software Development Process

• Brainstorming: Involves generating ideas for software applications.
• Business Analysis: Evaluates market demand and project feasibility.
• Design: Planning the software architecture and user interface.
• Programming: Coding by developers based on specifications.
• Integration: Merging different components into a unified system.
• Quality Assurance: Testing the software for defects and ensuring it meets standards.
• Release: Launching the software for end-users.

Local Area Network (LAN)

• Pros:

  • Facilitates resource sharing and internet access.
  • Enhances communication efficiency.
  • Improves data security.

• Cons:

  • Vulnerable to data security issues.
  • Distance limitations affect performance.
  • Server failures impact the entire network.

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

• Covers larger geographic areas than LAN, typically a city or campus.

• Pros:

  • Cost-effective for local communications.
  • Higher speed than WAN.
  • Supports easy transition from LAN to MAN.

• Cons:

  • Management complexity is high.
  • Subject to hacker attacks.
  • High wiring requirements and lower data rates.

Zigbee Networking

• Functions well for short-range communication (10-100 meters).

• Pros:

  • Supports multiple network topologies.
  • Efficient power usage with low duty cycle.
  • Strong encryption and collision avoidance.

• Cons:

  • Licensing costs around $3,500.
  • Limited star network support.
  • Not suitable for high data rate applications.

Wi-Fi Wireless Networking

• Wi-Fi allows devices to communicate over a local area without cables.
• Involves a wireless adaptor converting data into radio signals.
• Pros:
  • High efficiency and flexibility in networking.
  • Cost-effective and installation-friendly.

Malware Types

• Worms: Software that replicates itself on other computers without user intervention; examples include Sasser, Blaster, and Conficker worms.
• Trojan Horses: Malicious software disguised as useful programs, facilitating unauthorized access to computer systems.
• Spyware: Gathers covert information on users by transmitting data from their devices without consent.
• Adware: Delivers advertisements automatically, often bundled with free software.
• Spam: Uninvited emails that can spread viruses and trojans.

Anti-Malware Programs

• Anti-virus Programs: Software designed to detect and neutralize malware threats, requiring constant updating to combat new threats.

• Examples: Norton, AVG, Kaspersky, McAfee, and Avast.

• Anti-spyware Programs: Target the detection and removal of unwanted spyware; examples include Spyware Doctor and AVG Anti-spyware.

• Firewalls: Protect networks by blocking unauthorized access and incoming attacks over the internet or shared networks.