Computer Organization Chapter 7: Memory Organization
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of RAM in computers?

  • Permanent storage of programs and data
  • Input/Output operations of programs and data
  • Temporary storage of programs and data (correct)
  • Execution of programs and data

    • What happens to the stored information in RAM when power is interrupted or turned off?

  • The information is transferred to cache
  • The information is saved
  • The information is lost (correct)
  • The information is transferred to auxiliary memory

    • What is the capacity of a 4K RAM chip?

  • 1024 words
  • 8192 words
  • 4096 words (correct)
  • 2048 words

    • What is the word size of a 4K X 8 RAM chip?

    <p>8-bits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of bits that can be stored on a 4K X 8 RAM chip?

    <p>32768 bits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the metric unit for 1024?

    <p>1K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the metric unit for 1,048,576?

    <p>M</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of combining several memory chips in RAM?

    <p>To increase memory capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of information is typically stored in ROMs?

    <p>Fixed data and instructions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using ROMs in combinational logic circuits?

    <p>To design the circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many 1K x 8 PROMs are required to produce a 4K x 8 PROM?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the number of address lines in a 1K x 8 PROM?

    <p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of CS in the PROM circuit?

    <p>To enable the chip</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total memory capacity of four 1K x 8 PROMs?

    <p>4K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of auxiliary memory?

    <p>To store large chunks of data at a lower cost per byte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of memory is used in auxiliary memory devices?

    <p>Non-volatile memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common form of auxiliary memory device used in consumer systems?

    <p>Flash memory, optical discs, magnetic disks, magnetic tapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a magnetic disk?

    <p>To store large chunks of data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is auxiliary memory accessed?

    <p>Through input/output channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of PROM?

    <p>To store programs permanently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the address range of PROM 1?

    <p>000 H to 3FF H</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of a magnetic disk?

    <p>A circular plate of metal or plastic coated with magnetized material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of SRAM over DRAM?

    <p>Lower access time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does DRAM require periodic refreshes?

    <p>Because of the capacitor used as a storage element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between SRAM and DRAM in terms of power consumption?

    <p>SRAM consumes more power, while DRAM consumes less</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a ROM that distinguishes it from other types of memory?

    <p>It is non-volatile and retains its information even when power is turned off</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of entering information into a ROM called?

    <p>Programming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary disadvantage of SRAM compared to DRAM?

    <p>Higher cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a PROM?

    <p>A ROM that can be programmed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does SRAM have less storage capacity compared to DRAM?

    <p>Due to its complex internal circuitry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical arrangement of disks in a magnetic disk storage system?

    <p>Multiple disks are stacked on one spindle with read/write heads available on each surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are bits stored on a magnetic disk?

    <p>In concentric circles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of magnetic tape units?

    <p>They can be moved forward or in reverse, or can be rewound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is a tape unit addressed?

    <p>By specifying the record number and the number of characters in the record</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of magnetic tape units?

    <p>They cannot be started or stopped fast enough between individual characters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of magnetic disks compared to magnetic tapes?

    <p>Magnetic disks are more expensive and more powerful.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the data access mechanism used in magnetic tapes?

    <p>Sequential access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do multiple disks in a magnetic disk storage system rotate?

    <p>All disks rotate together at high speed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Memory Hierarchy

    • Consists of Main Memory, Cache Memory, and Auxiliary Memory
    • Main Memory and Auxiliary Memory are categorized based on access time and cost
    • Cache Memory is the fastest and most expensive

    Main Memory

    • Also known as Random Access Memory (RAM)
    • Used for temporary storage of programs and data
    • Read and write operations are performed by RAM
    • Volatile, meaning it loses all stored information when power is interrupted or turned off
    • RAMs come with word capacities of 1K, 4K, 8K, 16K, etc. and word sizes of 1, 4, or 8-bits
    • Capacity metrics: 1K = 1024, 1M = 1,048,576, 1G = 1,073,741,824

    SRAM vs DRAM

    • SRAM (Static RAM):
    • Lower access time, making it faster
    • Costlier than DRAM
    • Requires constant power supply
    • Less storage capacity available due to complex internal circuitry
    • Low packaging density
    • No need to refresh periodically
    • DRAM (Dynamic RAM):
    • Higher access time, making it slower
    • Less expensive than SRAM
    • Offers reduced power consumption
    • Large storage capacity available due to small internal circuitry
    • High packaging density
    • Needs to refresh periodically due to capacitor used as storage element

    Read-Only Memory (ROM)

    • A memory device that stores permanent binary information
    • Information is specified by the designer and embedded in the unit
    • Once the pattern is established, it stays within the unit even when power is turned off and on again
    • A ROM that can be programmed is called a PROM
    • ROMs are used to store fixed-type information, such as tables for various functions, fixed data, and instructions
    • ROMs can be used to design combinational logic circuits

    Memory Address Map

    • Example: Combining several 1K x 8 PROMs to produce a 4K x 8 PROM
    • Solution: 1K x 8 PROM has 10 address lines because 2^10 = 1024 (1K)
    • We need 4 number of 1K x 8 PROM chips to make a 4K x 8 PROM

    Auxiliary Memory

    • Also known as Secondary Memory
    • Used to store large chunks of data at a lesser cost per byte than primary memory
    • Non-volatile, meaning it does not lose data when the device is powered down
    • Not directly accessible by the CPU; accessed via input/output channels
    • Common forms of auxiliary memory devices include flash memory, optical discs, magnetic disks, and magnetic tapes

    Magnetic Disks

    • Circular plate of metal or plastic coated with magnetized material
    • Often both sides of the disk are used, and several disks may be stacked on one spindle with read/write heads available on each surface
    • Bits are stored in the magnetized surface in spots along concentric circles called tracks
    • The tracks are commonly divided into sections called sectors

    Magnetic Tape

    • Magnetic tape transport consists of electrical, mechanical, and electronic components
    • The tape itself is a strip of plastic coated with a magnetic recording medium
    • Bits are recorded as magnetic spots on the tape along several tracks
    • Magnetic tape units can be stopped, started, or rewound, but cannot be started or stopped fast enough between individual characters
    • A tape unit is addressed by specifying the record number and the number of characters in the record
    • Sequential data access mechanism
    • Less expensive and less powerful than magnetic discs

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    Description

    This quiz covers the basics of memory organization, including memory hierarchy, main memory, and auxiliary memory. It is a part of the Computer Organization and Architecture course.

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