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What is the primary role of the Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU) in a computer system?
What is the primary role of the Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU) in a computer system?
Which component of the computer is commonly referred to as the brain?
Which component of the computer is commonly referred to as the brain?
What is the responsibility of the Control Unit (CU) in a computer system?
What is the responsibility of the Control Unit (CU) in a computer system?
How does the data flow from primary storage to the Arithmetic Logical Unit?
How does the data flow from primary storage to the Arithmetic Logical Unit?
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What happens after data is processed by the ALU?
What happens after data is processed by the ALU?
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Which of the following best describes secondary storage?
Which of the following best describes secondary storage?
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What role does the CPU play in the context of program execution?
What role does the CPU play in the context of program execution?
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Which operation is NOT performed by the Arithmetic Logical Unit?
Which operation is NOT performed by the Arithmetic Logical Unit?
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What does computer architecture primarily focus on?
What does computer architecture primarily focus on?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a function of the Memory Unit?
Which of the following is NOT considered a function of the Memory Unit?
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What happens to the contents of register R1 during each iteration of the loop?
What happens to the contents of register R1 during each iteration of the loop?
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Which unit is responsible for arithmetic processes in a computer system?
Which unit is responsible for arithmetic processes in a computer system?
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When does the loop continue to execute based on the content of R1?
When does the loop continue to execute based on the content of R1?
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What type of memory is commonly referred to as primary storage?
What type of memory is commonly referred to as primary storage?
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What is the purpose of a conditional branch instruction?
What is the purpose of a conditional branch instruction?
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Which device performs the function of transforming electronic impulses into human-readable form?
Which device performs the function of transforming electronic impulses into human-readable form?
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What happens when the condition for a conditional branch instruction is not satisfied?
What happens when the condition for a conditional branch instruction is not satisfied?
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What is a characteristic feature of the Input Unit?
What is a characteristic feature of the Input Unit?
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In a computer system, output units are responsible for which of the following?
In a computer system, output units are responsible for which of the following?
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What denotes a condition code flag in a processor?
What denotes a condition code flag in a processor?
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What is the final action taken once the loop execution is complete?
What is the final action taken once the loop execution is complete?
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What encompasses the broad concept of data storage in computing?
What encompasses the broad concept of data storage in computing?
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Which register keeps track of flags for subsequent conditional branch instructions?
Which register keeps track of flags for subsequent conditional branch instructions?
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What role does the branch target play in a branch instruction?
What role does the branch target play in a branch instruction?
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What is the main purpose of the Move instruction in assembly language?
What is the main purpose of the Move instruction in assembly language?
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In a three-address instruction, which components represent the source operands?
In a three-address instruction, which components represent the source operands?
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What happens to the contents of register R1 after executing the statement 'Add R1, R2, R3'?
What happens to the contents of register R1 after executing the statement 'Add R1, R2, R3'?
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Which instruction correctly solves the problem of adding two values without destroying either?
Which instruction correctly solves the problem of adding two values without destroying either?
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What is the result of executing 'Load A' in a one-address instruction format?
What is the result of executing 'Load A' in a one-address instruction format?
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When using a two-address instruction format for the operation Add A, B, which operand serves as both a source and a destination?
When using a two-address instruction format for the operation Add A, B, which operand serves as both a source and a destination?
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What is the function of the Store instruction in a one-address instruction scheme?
What is the function of the Store instruction in a one-address instruction scheme?
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In an instruction like C = A + B, which statement correctly reflects the operation performed by the instruction?
In an instruction like C = A + B, which statement correctly reflects the operation performed by the instruction?
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What is the primary purpose of relative addressing in programming?
What is the primary purpose of relative addressing in programming?
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How is the effective address determined in relative mode?
How is the effective address determined in relative mode?
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What does the notation (Ri)+ signify in auto-increment mode?
What does the notation (Ri)+ signify in auto-increment mode?
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In auto-decrement mode, how is the effective address obtained?
In auto-decrement mode, how is the effective address obtained?
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What common use case is typically associated with relative addressing?
What common use case is typically associated with relative addressing?
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What occurs during the execution of a branch or jump instruction?
What occurs during the execution of a branch or jump instruction?
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Which mode allows the contents of a specified register to point to the next item in a list automatically?
Which mode allows the contents of a specified register to point to the next item in a list automatically?
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During the fetching of instructions by the processor, which instruction type signifies a change in the flow of execution?
During the fetching of instructions by the processor, which instruction type signifies a change in the flow of execution?
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What is the primary function of the program counter (PC) in the processor?
What is the primary function of the program counter (PC) in the processor?
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What action does the instruction register (IR) perform after fetching an instruction?
What action does the instruction register (IR) perform after fetching an instruction?
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How does the program counter (PC) update its value after fetching an instruction?
How does the program counter (PC) update its value after fetching an instruction?
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Which register directly connects to the external memory bus for data transfer?
Which register directly connects to the external memory bus for data transfer?
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In the context of register transfer notation, what does the action 'IR←[[PC]]' signify?
In the context of register transfer notation, what does the action 'IR←[[PC]]' signify?
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What are the two phases of instruction processing as described in the content?
What are the two phases of instruction processing as described in the content?
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What occurs during the instruction execution phase?
What occurs during the instruction execution phase?
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Which components serve as intermediaries between the processor’s internal bus and the external memory bus?
Which components serve as intermediaries between the processor’s internal bus and the external memory bus?
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Study Notes
Computer Organization and Architecture
- Basic Structure of Computers: Functional units, basic operational concepts, bus structures, memory locations, addressing modes, memory operations, instruction sequencing.
- Basic Processing Unit: Fundamental concepts, instruction cycle execution, single-bus and multiple-bus organization.
- Why Computer Organization and Architecture? A key component of computer engineering, concerned with the design and organization of the CPU and its integration into the computer system. Architecture interacts with software (operating system and system software). Understanding software is important for optimizing architecture.
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Introduction:
- Computer: Accepts input, processes data, stores data, produces output; follows stored instructions.
- Software: Programs that tell computers how to perform tasks.
- Hardware: Electronic and mechanical devices for processing data; includes peripherals.
- Peripherals: Components that expand computer input, output, and storage capabilities.
- Network: Interconnected computers and devices for data and program sharing.
- Computer Types: Categories based on speed, cost, computational power, and application type.
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Difference between Computer Organization and Computer Architecture:
- Organization: How hardware components operate and connect to form a computer system (hardware details).
- Architecture: What the computer does (overall structure and behavior).
- Functional Units: Input unit, ALU, control unit, memory unit, output unit.
- Input/Output Unit: Data/program input from devices (keyboard, mouse etc). Output of processed data to devices (displays, printers etc)
- Memory Unit (MU): Stores and accesses data; includes primary storage (RAM), secondary storage (hard drives).
- Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU): Performs mathematical calculations (addition, subtraction etc.) and logical operations (AND, OR, NOT).
- Control Unit (CU): Coordinates all computer system functions; determines the sequence and processes program instructions stored in the M.U.
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Operations:
- Data transfers between memory and processor
- Arithmetic/logic operations
- Program sequencing and control
- Input/output transfers
- Instructions and Instruction Sequencing: Instructions in memory are fetched, decoded, and executed. Branch instructions change the order of execution.
- Addressing Modes: Methods to specify operand locations (immediate, register, absolute/direct, indirect, indexing, relative).
- Register Transfer Notation (RTN): Notations that specify memory locations, registers, and operations.
- Memory Operations: Basic operations involving memory (Read and Write)
- Byte Addressability: A memory organization scheme where each byte has a unique address.
- Big-Endian/Little-Endian: Ordering of bytes within a word (significant versus less significant).
- Word Alignment: Word boundaries are a multiple of the number of bytes in a word.
- Execution of a Complete Instruction: Fetched from memory, decoded, and operands fetched. Result stored in memory or a register.
- Multiple Bus Organization: Multiple buses to transfer data in parallel. Register files with multiple ports for parallel data transfer.
- Instruction Execution Process of fetching and executing instructions.
- Branch Instructions: Instructions in programs that change the program's sequential flow.
- Condition Codes: Flags that record the outcome of operations; used by conditional branch instructions.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the basic structure and processing units of computers. This quiz covers key concepts in computer organization, including functional units, memory operations, and the interaction between hardware and software. Perfect for students studying computer architecture.
