Computer Organization and Architecture Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of the Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU) in a computer system?

  • To store data for future reference
  • To increase the memory capacity of the computer
  • To manage the input and output operations of the computer
  • To perform processing of data and execute instructions (correct)

Which component of the computer is commonly referred to as the brain?

  • Control Unit (CU)
  • Memory Unit (MU)
  • Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU)
  • Central Processing Unit (CPU) (correct)

What is the responsibility of the Control Unit (CU) in a computer system?

  • Controlling and coordinating the operations of the computer (correct)
  • Performing arithmetic and logical operations
  • Managing the data storage and retrieval process
  • Executing storage and loading operations

How does the data flow from primary storage to the Arithmetic Logical Unit?

<p>Data is transferred upon request for processing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens after data is processed by the ALU?

<p>It is returned to the storage unit for further processing or storage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes secondary storage?

<p>It is made up of external storage devices like hard drives (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the CPU play in the context of program execution?

<p>It interprets instructions and executes them (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which operation is NOT performed by the Arithmetic Logical Unit?

<p>Data storing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does computer architecture primarily focus on?

<p>Structure and behavior of the computer system as seen by the user (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a function of the Memory Unit?

<p>Converting data into electronic impulses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the contents of register R1 during each iteration of the loop?

<p>The contents are decremented by 1. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which unit is responsible for arithmetic processes in a computer system?

<p>ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does the loop continue to execute based on the content of R1?

<p>While R1 is greater than zero. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory is commonly referred to as primary storage?

<p>Random access memory (RAM) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a conditional branch instruction?

<p>To load a new address into the program counter based on a condition. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which device performs the function of transforming electronic impulses into human-readable form?

<p>Output device (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the condition for a conditional branch instruction is not satisfied?

<p>The instruction at the next sequential address is executed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of the Input Unit?

<p>It translates data into electronic impulses for CPU. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a computer system, output units are responsible for which of the following?

<p>Sending processed results to the outside world (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What denotes a condition code flag in a processor?

<p>A bit that indicates the outcome of an operation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the final action taken once the loop execution is complete?

<p>The result is moved from R0 into memory location SUM. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What encompasses the broad concept of data storage in computing?

<p>The hierarchy of storage devices and methods for data usage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which register keeps track of flags for subsequent conditional branch instructions?

<p>Condition code register. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the branch target play in a branch instruction?

<p>It specifies the new address where the next instruction will be fetched. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the Move instruction in assembly language?

<p>To transfer data from one memory location to another without changing the source. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a three-address instruction, which components represent the source operands?

<p>Both the first and second operands. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the contents of register R1 after executing the statement 'Add R1, R2, R3'?

<p>R1's contents will be preserved and unchanged. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which instruction correctly solves the problem of adding two values without destroying either?

<p>Move A, C followed by Add B, C. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of executing 'Load A' in a one-address instruction format?

<p>The contents of accumulator are replaced with A. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When using a two-address instruction format for the operation Add A, B, which operand serves as both a source and a destination?

<p>B (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Store instruction in a one-address instruction scheme?

<p>It copies the content of the accumulator to a specified memory location. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an instruction like C = A + B, which statement correctly reflects the operation performed by the instruction?

<p>The sum is placed in memory location C. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of relative addressing in programming?

<p>To specify a target address in branch instructions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the effective address determined in relative mode?

<p>By using the program counter to find an address relative to it. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the notation (Ri)+ signify in auto-increment mode?

<p>The content of the register is used as the effective address, then incremented. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In auto-decrement mode, how is the effective address obtained?

<p>By decrementing the register's content before accessing the operand. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common use case is typically associated with relative addressing?

<p>Specifying branch target locations in instructions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the execution of a branch or jump instruction?

<p>The program counter is altered to fetch instructions from else locations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mode allows the contents of a specified register to point to the next item in a list automatically?

<p>Auto-increment mode. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the fetching of instructions by the processor, which instruction type signifies a change in the flow of execution?

<p>Branch or jump instructions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the program counter (PC) in the processor?

<p>To keep track of the next instruction's memory address. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action does the instruction register (IR) perform after fetching an instruction?

<p>It stores the fetched instruction from memory. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the program counter (PC) update its value after fetching an instruction?

<p>PC←PC + 4 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which register directly connects to the external memory bus for data transfer?

<p>Memory Data Register (MDR) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of register transfer notation, what does the action 'IR←[[PC]]' signify?

<p>Loading the next instruction from memory into the instruction register. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two phases of instruction processing as described in the content?

<p>Instruction fetch phase and instruction execute phase. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the instruction execution phase?

<p>The operation specified by the instruction in the IR is carried out. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which components serve as intermediaries between the processor’s internal bus and the external memory bus?

<p>Memory Data Register (MDR) and Memory Address Register (MAR) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Computer Organization

The way a computer is designed and built, focusing on how it actually performs its tasks.

Computer Architecture

How a computer system appears to the user, including the information it uses and how it handles commands.

Input Unit

The part of a computer that takes in data from the outside world, such as through a keyboard or mouse.

ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

The part of a computer that processes data and performs calculations.

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Control Unit

The part of a computer that controls the flow of data and instructions.

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Memory Unit (MU)

The part of a computer that stores data and instructions.

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Output

The processes of converting electronic signals into human-readable information.

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Primary Storage (RAM)

Main storage of a computer, holding the data and programs currently being used.

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Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU)

A hardware component that performs mathematical and logical operations on data.

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Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The brain of the computer that contains the ALU and Control Unit, responsible for processing data and executing instructions.

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Primary Storage

High-speed memory that stores data and instructions currently being processed.

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Secondary Storage

External storage devices, like hard drives or optical media, used to store data long term.

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LOAD

An instruction that moves data from memory into a register within the CPU.

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STORE

An instruction that moves data from a register in the CPU to memory.

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Program

A sequence of instructions that tells the computer how to perform a specific task.

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Branch Instruction

A type of instruction that changes the location of the next instruction to be executed by modifying the program counter.

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Conditional Branch Instruction

A special kind of branch instruction that only executes the branch if a specific condition is met.

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Condition Codes

A set of flags in a special register (often called the condition code register) that stores information about the results of previous arithmetic or logical operations.

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Addressing Modes

A way to access data or instructions in memory by specifying its location in different ways.

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Decrement Instruction

A type of instruction that changes the value of a register by subtracting 1 from its current value.

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Program Counter (PC)

A specific location in memory that stores the address of the next instruction to be executed.

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Move Instruction

A type of instruction that copies the contents of one register to another register or a memory location.

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Instruction Register (IR)

A register that temporarily holds the instruction that is currently being executed.

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Instruction Fetch

The process of retrieving an instruction from memory and loading it into the Instruction Register (IR).

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Instruction Execution

The process of executing the instruction currently stored in the Instruction Register (IR).

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Internal Bus

A single communication pathway within a processor that connects multiple components, including the ALU and registers.

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Memory Data Register (MDR)

A register used to transfer data between the internal CPU bus and the external memory bus.

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Memory Address Register (MAR)

A register used to hold the address of the memory location that the CPU wants to access.

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Assembly Language Notation: Destination and Value

In assembly language, the left side of an instruction represents the destination where the result will be stored, while the right side holds the value or source operand. This is similar to how variables work in programming languages.

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Add Instruction

A type of assembly language instruction where two source operands are added together, and the result is stored in a specified destination location. For example: Add R1, R2, R3 would add the contents of registers R1 and R2 and store the sum in register R3.

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Three Address Instruction

A type of assembly language instruction that uses three operands: two sources (Source1 and Source2) and one destination. An example is Add A, B, C, which adds the values at locations A and B and places the sum in location C.

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Two Address Instruction

A type of assembly language instruction that uses two operands: one source and one destination. An example is Add A, B, which adds the contents of location A to location B and stores the sum in location B, overwriting its original value. The 'B' acts as both source and destination.

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One Address Instruction (Accumulator)

A type of assembly language instruction that uses one operand. The operation is performed on this operand using a dedicated processor register called the Accumulator. For example, Add A would add the value at location A to the contents of the Accumulator and store the sum back in the Accumulator.

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Load Instruction

An instruction that copies the value from a memory location into the Accumulator register. For example, Load A would copy the content of location A to the Accumulator.

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Store Instruction

An instruction that copies the value from the Accumulator register into a specified memory location. For example, Store A would copy the content of the Accumulator into memory location A.

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Relative Addressing

A method of addressing memory locations based on the current position of the program counter (PC). Instructions are fetched from memory locations that are a fixed number of bytes away from the current PC location.

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Index Addressing

A type of addressing mode where the effective address is determined by adding the contents of a general-purpose register to a constant displacement.

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Base Addressing

A mode of memory addressing where the effective address is calculated by adding a constant displacement to the value stored in a general-purpose register.

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PC-Relative Addressing

An addressing mode where the effective address is determined by the contents of the Program Counter (PC) plus a constant displacement. The PC always points to the instruction being executed, making the effective address relative to its current location.

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Register Indirect Addressing

The effective address is calculated by adding the contents of a register (Ri) to a constant displacement.

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Direct Addressing

The effective address is directly specified in the instruction. This mode is simple and efficient.

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Auto-increment Addressing

The effective address is calculated by adding the contents of a register (Ri) to a constant displacement. After accessing the operand, the contents of the register are automatically incremented to point to the next item in a sequence.

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Auto-decrement Addressing

The effective address is calculated by subtracting a constant displacement from the contents of a register (Ri). This mode is useful for accessing data items in a sequence in reverse order.

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Study Notes

Computer Organization and Architecture

  • Basic Structure of Computers: Functional units, basic operational concepts, bus structures, memory locations, addressing modes, memory operations, instruction sequencing.
  • Basic Processing Unit: Fundamental concepts, instruction cycle execution, single-bus and multiple-bus organization.
  • Why Computer Organization and Architecture? A key component of computer engineering, concerned with the design and organization of the CPU and its integration into the computer system. Architecture interacts with software (operating system and system software). Understanding software is important for optimizing architecture.
  • Introduction:
    • Computer: Accepts input, processes data, stores data, produces output; follows stored instructions.
    • Software: Programs that tell computers how to perform tasks.
    • Hardware: Electronic and mechanical devices for processing data; includes peripherals.
    • Peripherals: Components that expand computer input, output, and storage capabilities.
    • Network: Interconnected computers and devices for data and program sharing.
  • Computer Types: Categories based on speed, cost, computational power, and application type.
  • Difference between Computer Organization and Computer Architecture:
    • Organization: How hardware components operate and connect to form a computer system (hardware details).
    • Architecture: What the computer does (overall structure and behavior).
  • Functional Units: Input unit, ALU, control unit, memory unit, output unit.
  • Input/Output Unit: Data/program input from devices (keyboard, mouse etc). Output of processed data to devices (displays, printers etc)
  • Memory Unit (MU): Stores and accesses data; includes primary storage (RAM), secondary storage (hard drives).
  • Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU): Performs mathematical calculations (addition, subtraction etc.) and logical operations (AND, OR, NOT).
  • Control Unit (CU): Coordinates all computer system functions; determines the sequence and processes program instructions stored in the M.U.
  • Operations:
    • Data transfers between memory and processor
    • Arithmetic/logic operations
    • Program sequencing and control
    • Input/output transfers
  • Instructions and Instruction Sequencing: Instructions in memory are fetched, decoded, and executed. Branch instructions change the order of execution.
  • Addressing Modes: Methods to specify operand locations (immediate, register, absolute/direct, indirect, indexing, relative).
  • Register Transfer Notation (RTN): Notations that specify memory locations, registers, and operations.
  • Memory Operations: Basic operations involving memory (Read and Write)
  • Byte Addressability: A memory organization scheme where each byte has a unique address.
  • Big-Endian/Little-Endian: Ordering of bytes within a word (significant versus less significant).
  • Word Alignment: Word boundaries are a multiple of the number of bytes in a word.
  • Execution of a Complete Instruction: Fetched from memory, decoded, and operands fetched. Result stored in memory or a register. 
  • Multiple Bus Organization: Multiple buses to transfer data in parallel. Register files with multiple ports for parallel data transfer.
  • Instruction Execution Process of fetching and executing instructions.
  • Branch Instructions: Instructions in programs that change the program's sequential flow.
  • Condition Codes: Flags that record the outcome of operations; used by conditional branch instructions.

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KTU-CST202 Computer Organization and Architecture Module 1 PDF

Description

Test your knowledge of the basic structure and processing units of computers. This quiz covers key concepts in computer organization, including functional units, memory operations, and the interaction between hardware and software. Perfect for students studying computer architecture.

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