Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)?
What is the primary function of the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)?
What is the purpose of the System Interconnection in a computer?
What is the purpose of the System Interconnection in a computer?
What is the role of the Registers in a CPU?
What is the role of the Registers in a CPU?
What is the primary function of the I/O system in a computer?
What is the primary function of the I/O system in a computer?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of the CPU interconnection or Internal bus?
What is the purpose of the CPU interconnection or Internal bus?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the Control Unit in a CPU?
What is the primary function of the Control Unit in a CPU?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the Control Unit in a computer system?
What is the primary function of the Control Unit in a computer system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which component is responsible for storing instructions and data temporarily in a computer system?
Which component is responsible for storing instructions and data temporarily in a computer system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of a program in a computer system?
What is the purpose of a program in a computer system?
Signup and view all the answers
What connects the CPU, Memory, and Input/Output devices in a computer system?
What connects the CPU, Memory, and Input/Output devices in a computer system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which component is responsible for performing arithmetic and logical operations in a computer system?
Which component is responsible for performing arithmetic and logical operations in a computer system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the Input/Output Module in a computer system?
What is the primary function of the Input/Output Module in a computer system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of the Registers in a computer system?
What is the role of the Registers in a computer system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of the Memory address in a computer system?
What is the purpose of the Memory address in a computer system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main advantage of using a pipeline architecture in a processor?
What is the main advantage of using a pipeline architecture in a processor?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the Memory Buffer Register (MBR) in a computer system?
What is the primary function of the Memory Buffer Register (MBR) in a computer system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a common problem in computer systems, where the processor speed increases, but the memory speed lags behind?
Which of the following is a common problem in computer systems, where the processor speed increases, but the memory speed lags behind?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of a cache in a computer system?
What is the primary purpose of a cache in a computer system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main advantage of using a multi-core processor?
What is the main advantage of using a multi-core processor?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main purpose of the Instruction Register (IR) in a computer system?
What is the main purpose of the Instruction Register (IR) in a computer system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main limitation of increasing the clock speed of a processor?
What is the main limitation of increasing the clock speed of a processor?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the Input/Output (I/O) devices in a computer system?
What is the primary function of the Input/Output (I/O) devices in a computer system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main advantage of using a superscalar architecture in a processor?
What is the main advantage of using a superscalar architecture in a processor?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main purpose of the Program Counter (PC) in a computer system?
What is the main purpose of the Program Counter (PC) in a computer system?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Computer System Components
- Main Memory: stores data
- I/O: moves data between the computer and its external environment
- System Interconnection: provides communication among CPU, main memory, and I/O (e.g., System bus)
CPU Structure
- Control Unit: controls the operation of the CPU and hence the computer
- ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): performs the computer's data processing functions
- Registers: provides internal storage to the CPU
- CPU Interconnection/Internal bus: enables communication among the control unit, ALU, and registers
Control Unit Structure
- Sequencing: determines the sequence of operations
- Logic: performs logical operations
- Registers: provides internal storage to the CPU
- Decoders: decode instructions
CPU Organization
- Registers: temporary storage for data
- ALU: performs arithmetic and logical operations
- Control Unit: controls the operation of the CPU
Memory
- Address: a unique identifier for a memory location
- Content: the data stored at a memory location
Input/Output
- I/O Module: controls the flow of data between the CPU and I/O devices
- I/O Devices: peripherals such as keyboards, displays, and storage devices
Computer Systems Hierarchy
- A digital computer solves problems by executing instructions
- A program: a sequence of instructions describing how to perform a task
IAS (Instruction Address Register) Details
- 1000 x 40-bit words: the memory capacity of the IAS
- Set of registers: storage in the CPU
- Memory Buffer Register (MBR), Memory Address Register (MAR), Instruction Register (IR), Instruction Buffer Register (IBR), Program Counter (PC), Accumulator (AC), Multiplier Quotient (MQ): registers used in the IAS
Evolution of Intel Microprocessors
- 1970s: 4004, 8008, 8080, 8086, and 8088 processors
- 1980s: 80286, 80386, 486, and Pentium processors
- 1990s: Pentium Pro, Pentium II, and Pentium III processors
- Key features: clock speed, bus width, number of transistors, addressable memory, and virtual memory
Pentium Evolution
- 8080: first general-purpose microprocessor
- 8086: 16-bit, introduced instruction cache and prefetch
- 80286: 16 MB memory addressable
- 80386: 32-bit, supported multitasking
- Pentium II: MMX technology for graphics and multimedia processing
- Pentium III: additional floating-point instructions for 3D graphics
- Pentium 4: further floating-point and multimedia enhancements
Performance Enhancements
- Pipelining: breaking down instructions into stages to improve execution
- On-board cache: storing frequently accessed data in fast memory
- Branch prediction: predicting the outcome of conditional instructions
- Data flow analysis: analyzing the flow of data between instructions
- Speculative execution: executing instructions before it is known whether they are needed
Performance Mismatch
- Processor speed increases, but memory speed lags behind
- Solutions: increase number of bits retrieved at once, change DRAM interface, reduce frequency of memory access, and increase interconnection bandwidth
I/O Devices
- Peripherals with intensive I/O demands
- Solutions: caching, buffering, higher-speed interconnection buses, and multiple-processor configurations
Key is Balance
- Balance between processor components, main memory, I/O devices, and interconnection structures is crucial for optimal performance
Improvements in Chip Organization and Architecture
- Increase hardware speed of processor
- Increase size and speed of caches
- Change processor organization and architecture to increase effective speed of execution
Problems with Clock Speed and Logic Density
- Power consumption and heat dissipation
- RC delay: resistance and capacitance of metal wires
- Memory latency: memory speeds lag behind processor speeds
Intel Microprocessor Performance
- Increased cache capacity: more cache on chip, faster cache access
- More complex execution logic: parallel execution of instructions, pipelining, and superscalar execution
Diminishing Returns
- Internal organization of processors becomes increasingly complex
- Benefits from cache are reaching their limit
- Increasing clock rate runs into power dissipation problems
New Approach – Multiple Cores
- Multiple processors on a single chip
- Larger shared cache
- Benefits: increased performance, improved power management, and increased cache capacity
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your understanding of computer organization and CPU functions, including ALU, Registers, I/O system, and Control Unit.
