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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)?
What is the purpose of the System Interconnection in a computer?
What is the role of the Registers in a CPU?
What is the primary function of the I/O system in a computer?
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What is the purpose of the CPU interconnection or Internal bus?
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What is the primary function of the Control Unit in a CPU?
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What is the primary function of the Control Unit in a computer system?
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Which component is responsible for storing instructions and data temporarily in a computer system?
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What is the purpose of a program in a computer system?
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What connects the CPU, Memory, and Input/Output devices in a computer system?
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Which component is responsible for performing arithmetic and logical operations in a computer system?
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What is the primary function of the Input/Output Module in a computer system?
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What is the role of the Registers in a computer system?
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What is the purpose of the Memory address in a computer system?
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What is the main advantage of using a pipeline architecture in a processor?
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What is the primary function of the Memory Buffer Register (MBR) in a computer system?
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Which of the following is a common problem in computer systems, where the processor speed increases, but the memory speed lags behind?
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What is the primary purpose of a cache in a computer system?
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What is the main advantage of using a multi-core processor?
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What is the main purpose of the Instruction Register (IR) in a computer system?
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What is the main limitation of increasing the clock speed of a processor?
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What is the primary function of the Input/Output (I/O) devices in a computer system?
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What is the main advantage of using a superscalar architecture in a processor?
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What is the main purpose of the Program Counter (PC) in a computer system?
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Study Notes
Computer System Components
- Main Memory: stores data
- I/O: moves data between the computer and its external environment
- System Interconnection: provides communication among CPU, main memory, and I/O (e.g., System bus)
CPU Structure
- Control Unit: controls the operation of the CPU and hence the computer
- ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): performs the computer's data processing functions
- Registers: provides internal storage to the CPU
- CPU Interconnection/Internal bus: enables communication among the control unit, ALU, and registers
Control Unit Structure
- Sequencing: determines the sequence of operations
- Logic: performs logical operations
- Registers: provides internal storage to the CPU
- Decoders: decode instructions
CPU Organization
- Registers: temporary storage for data
- ALU: performs arithmetic and logical operations
- Control Unit: controls the operation of the CPU
Memory
- Address: a unique identifier for a memory location
- Content: the data stored at a memory location
Input/Output
- I/O Module: controls the flow of data between the CPU and I/O devices
- I/O Devices: peripherals such as keyboards, displays, and storage devices
Computer Systems Hierarchy
- A digital computer solves problems by executing instructions
- A program: a sequence of instructions describing how to perform a task
IAS (Instruction Address Register) Details
- 1000 x 40-bit words: the memory capacity of the IAS
- Set of registers: storage in the CPU
- Memory Buffer Register (MBR), Memory Address Register (MAR), Instruction Register (IR), Instruction Buffer Register (IBR), Program Counter (PC), Accumulator (AC), Multiplier Quotient (MQ): registers used in the IAS
Evolution of Intel Microprocessors
- 1970s: 4004, 8008, 8080, 8086, and 8088 processors
- 1980s: 80286, 80386, 486, and Pentium processors
- 1990s: Pentium Pro, Pentium II, and Pentium III processors
- Key features: clock speed, bus width, number of transistors, addressable memory, and virtual memory
Pentium Evolution
- 8080: first general-purpose microprocessor
- 8086: 16-bit, introduced instruction cache and prefetch
- 80286: 16 MB memory addressable
- 80386: 32-bit, supported multitasking
- Pentium II: MMX technology for graphics and multimedia processing
- Pentium III: additional floating-point instructions for 3D graphics
- Pentium 4: further floating-point and multimedia enhancements
Performance Enhancements
- Pipelining: breaking down instructions into stages to improve execution
- On-board cache: storing frequently accessed data in fast memory
- Branch prediction: predicting the outcome of conditional instructions
- Data flow analysis: analyzing the flow of data between instructions
- Speculative execution: executing instructions before it is known whether they are needed
Performance Mismatch
- Processor speed increases, but memory speed lags behind
- Solutions: increase number of bits retrieved at once, change DRAM interface, reduce frequency of memory access, and increase interconnection bandwidth
I/O Devices
- Peripherals with intensive I/O demands
- Solutions: caching, buffering, higher-speed interconnection buses, and multiple-processor configurations
Key is Balance
- Balance between processor components, main memory, I/O devices, and interconnection structures is crucial for optimal performance
Improvements in Chip Organization and Architecture
- Increase hardware speed of processor
- Increase size and speed of caches
- Change processor organization and architecture to increase effective speed of execution
Problems with Clock Speed and Logic Density
- Power consumption and heat dissipation
- RC delay: resistance and capacitance of metal wires
- Memory latency: memory speeds lag behind processor speeds
Intel Microprocessor Performance
- Increased cache capacity: more cache on chip, faster cache access
- More complex execution logic: parallel execution of instructions, pipelining, and superscalar execution
Diminishing Returns
- Internal organization of processors becomes increasingly complex
- Benefits from cache are reaching their limit
- Increasing clock rate runs into power dissipation problems
New Approach – Multiple Cores
- Multiple processors on a single chip
- Larger shared cache
- Benefits: increased performance, improved power management, and increased cache capacity
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Description
Test your understanding of computer organization and CPU functions, including ALU, Registers, I/O system, and Control Unit.
