Computer Organization and Architecture Lecture 1 Overview

Computer Organization and Architecture

• A computer is a device that accepts information, manipulates it, and produces a result based on a program or sequence of instructions.
• A computer also includes the means for storing data, including the program, for some necessary duration.

Architecture and Organization

• Architecture refers to the attributes visible to the programmer, including instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms, and addressing techniques.
• Computer architecture is defined as the internal arrangements of a computer, including the design of the processor, memory, and input/output circuits.
• Organization is the implementation of architectural specifications, including control signals, interfaces, and memory technology.

Structure and Function

• Structure refers to how components relate to each other, including how they are connected and dependent on each other.
• Function refers to the operation of individual components as part of the structure.

Computer Functions

• Data processing
• Data storage
• Data movement
• Control

Functional View

• Operations include:
  • Data movement operations
  • Storage operations
  • Processing from/to storage operations
  • Processing from storage to I/O operations

Computer Structure

• The CPU controls the operation of the computer and performs data processing functions.
• Main memory stores data.
• I/O moves data between the computer and its external environment.
• System interconnection provides for communication among CPU, main memory, and I/O.

CPU Structure

• The CPU includes:
  • Computer Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
  • Registers
  • I/O system bus
  • Memory
  • CPU internal interconnection
  • Control unit

Control Unit Structure

• The control unit includes:
  • Sequencing
  • ALU
  • Internal bus
  • Registers
  • Decoders
  • Control memory