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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of a modem?
What is the primary function of a modem?
Which type of network is characterized by decentralized control and resource sharing between nodes?
Which type of network is characterized by decentralized control and resource sharing between nodes?
What type of network is primarily used for connecting devices in a limited geographical area, such as a home or office?
What type of network is primarily used for connecting devices in a limited geographical area, such as a home or office?
Which of the following is not a function of the modem?
Which of the following is not a function of the modem?
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Which type of network is specifically designed for data storage solutions?
Which type of network is specifically designed for data storage solutions?
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What layer of the OSI model is responsible for the end-to-end communication and error recovery?
What layer of the OSI model is responsible for the end-to-end communication and error recovery?
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Which transmission medium is primarily used for long-distance data communication due to its high bandwidth?
Which transmission medium is primarily used for long-distance data communication due to its high bandwidth?
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Which type of network would typically allow secure connections over a public network?
Which type of network would typically allow secure connections over a public network?
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What does the transport layer primarily manage?
What does the transport layer primarily manage?
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Which function is associated with the presentation layer?
Which function is associated with the presentation layer?
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What is the primary role of the session layer?
What is the primary role of the session layer?
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Which of the following protocols operates at the data link layer?
Which of the following protocols operates at the data link layer?
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Which layer is responsible for user interaction with applications?
Which layer is responsible for user interaction with applications?
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Which function is not performed by the presentation layer?
Which function is not performed by the presentation layer?
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What type of services does the application layer provide?
What type of services does the application layer provide?
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Which of the following is a function of the session layer?
Which of the following is a function of the session layer?
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What is a significant disadvantage of star topology?
What is a significant disadvantage of star topology?
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Which of the following is NOT an advantage of ring topology?
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of ring topology?
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What is the first step in the DHCP process?
What is the first step in the DHCP process?
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What does an ICMP Echo Request message indicate?
What does an ICMP Echo Request message indicate?
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Which of the following is a requirement for a valid hostname?
Which of the following is a requirement for a valid hostname?
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What role does ICANN play in domain names?
What role does ICANN play in domain names?
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Which statement about IP addresses is FALSE?
Which statement about IP addresses is FALSE?
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What is a disadvantage of a network using a ring topology?
What is a disadvantage of a network using a ring topology?
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What is the primary function of servers in the client-server model?
What is the primary function of servers in the client-server model?
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Which protocol manages data distribution and retransmission in the client-server model?
Which protocol manages data distribution and retransmission in the client-server model?
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What is a thin client primarily used for in a centralized computing environment?
What is a thin client primarily used for in a centralized computing environment?
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What is one advantage of using a client-server model?
What is one advantage of using a client-server model?
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What is a common disadvantage of the client-server model?
What is a common disadvantage of the client-server model?
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Which of the following describes the role of a workstation in a centralized computing model?
Which of the following describes the role of a workstation in a centralized computing model?
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Which communication pattern is followed in the client-server model?
Which communication pattern is followed in the client-server model?
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What is a major resource requirement for a server in a client-server model?
What is a major resource requirement for a server in a client-server model?
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What is the primary purpose of the Service Point Addressing in the transport layer?
What is the primary purpose of the Service Point Addressing in the transport layer?
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Which statement best describes connection-oriented service in the transport layer?
Which statement best describes connection-oriented service in the transport layer?
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What is a primary function of the Data Link layer?
What is a primary function of the Data Link layer?
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Which of the following is true about the Packet in the Network layer?
Which of the following is true about the Packet in the Network layer?
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Which function is NOT performed by the Data Link layer?
Which function is NOT performed by the Data Link layer?
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Which layer of the OSI model is responsible for converting bits into predictable signals?
Which layer of the OSI model is responsible for converting bits into predictable signals?
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What does Flow Control manage in the context of the Data Link layer?
What does Flow Control manage in the context of the Data Link layer?
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Which protocol is primarily associated with connection-oriented service?
Which protocol is primarily associated with connection-oriented service?
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Study Notes
Computer Network
- A system that connects multiple devices to share data, resources, and applications
- Data is transferred through wired or wireless connections
- Enables communication and collaboration between devices
Basic Network and their components
- Hub: A central device that connects network components
- Switch: Offers more advanced features than a hub, with more efficient communication
- Router: Connects multiple networks and manages data flow
- NIC: (Network Interface Card) Links a device to the network
Primary Elements of a Network
- Clients: Devices that request services from a server
- Servers: Provide resources and services to clients
Networking Advantages & Disadvantages
-
Advantages:
- Shared resources, like printers and files
- Collaborative work and communication
- Centralized management
-
Disadvantages:
- Security risks
- Cost of installation and maintenance
- Dependence on network infrastructure
Network Models
- Peer-to-peer: All devices are equal, sharing resources directly with each other
- Client-server: Centralized system with servers providing services, and clients requesting them
- Centralized computing: All processing and storage happens on a central server
- Distributed computing: Processing and storage spread across multiple devices in a network
Client-Server Network Model
- Clients request services from servers
- Servers provide resources to clients
- Communication follows a request-response pattern
- Commonly uses TCP/IP protocol suite
- Examples: Email, web browsing, network printing
Centralised Computing Model
- Centralized processing and storage on a server
- Thin clients connected to the server, with minimal resources and no local storage
- Workstations connected to the server, with more powerful hardware and resources
Distributed Computing Model
- Processing and storage distributed across multiple devices in a network
- Increases availability, reliability, and scalability
- Examples: Cloud computing, peer-to-peer file sharing
Planning a Network and Servers
- Network requirements: Identify network needs and demands
- Server types: Select appropriate server types for specific tasks
- Cost: Determine budget constraints
- Security: Implement security measures to protect the network
- Scalability: Ensure the network can accommodate future growth
Specialised Servers
- Database servers: Store and manage data
- Web servers: Host websites and deliver web content
- Email servers: Manage email communication
- File servers: Store and share files
- Print servers: Manage print functions
- Game servers: Host online games
Types of Computer Network
- LAN (Local Area Network): Connects devices in a limited area, like a home or office
- PAN (Personal Area Network): Connects devices within a personal space, like a smartphone or laptop
- MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): Connects devices over a larger area, like a city
- WAN (Wide Area Network): Connects devices across a wide geographical area, like countries or continents
- CAN (Campus Area Network): Connects devices within a campus, like a university or school
- SAN (Storage Area Network): Specialised network for high-speed data storage and transfer
- CDN (Content Delivery Network): Delivers content to users closer to their location, improving speed and performance
Specialized Networks
- Extranet: Connects a company's network with external partners or suppliers
- Intranet: Internal network for communication and sharing within a company
- VPN (Virtual Private Network): Creates a secure connection over a public network
OSI Reference Model
- Layer 7: Application - Enables user applications to access network services
- Layer 6: Presentation - Manages data formatting and translation
- Layer 5: Session - Establishes and maintains connections between applications
- Layer 4: Transport - Manages reliable data transfer
- Layer 3: Network - Provides routing and logical addressing
- Layer 2: Data Link - Manages data transfer between physical network links
- Layer 1: Physical - Defines physical connections and signal transmission
Functions of each layer in the DoD Model
- Application Layer: Provides services to users, allowing them to interact with the network
- Presentation Layer: Handles data formatting, ensuring compatibility between different systems
- Session Layer: Manages communication between applications and establishes sessions
- Transport Layer: Ensures reliable data transmission, with error checking and flow control
- Network Layer: Provides addressing and routing for data packets
- Data Link Layer: Manages data transfer over physical links, with error detection and flow control
- Physical Layer: Defines physical connections and signal transmission
Transmission Medium
-
Twisted Pair: A pair of insulated wires twisted together to reduce interference
- UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair): A common type of twisted pair cable
- STP (Shielded Twisted Pair): Twisted pair wires with an additional shield for better interference protection
-
Fiber Optic Cables: Transmit light pulses through strands of glass, offering high bandwidth and speed
- Single-Mode Fiber: Transmits a single light ray with minimal dispersion, offering longer distances and higher bandwidth
- Multi-Mode Fiber: Transmits multiple light rays with varying paths, suited for shorter distances
Signal Attenuation in Cables
- Attenuation: Weakening of a signal as it travels through a cable
- Factors affecting attenuation: Cable length, frequency of the signal, type of cable
Star Topology
- All devices connected to a central hub or switch
- Advantages: Easy modification, issue detection, flexibility in cable types
- Disadvantages: Central hub failure can cause network failure, requires more cable
Ring Topology
- Devices form a circular data path
- Advantages: No device dominance, fair sharing, good performance under heavy traffic
- Disadvantages: Failure of one device affects the whole network, difficult troubleshooting
TCP Protocols
- TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): Provides reliable data transport with error checking and flow control
- IP (Internet Protocol): Provides addressing and routing for data packets
Common ICMP Messages
- Echo Request: Used for troubleshooting network connectivity
- Echo Reply: Response to an Echo Request
- Redirect: Informs sending host of a better route to the destination
- Source Quench: Informs sending host to reduce data transmission rate
- Destination Unreachable: Informs sending host that the destination is unreachable
IP Addressing
- IP Address: 32 bits, divided into four octets (8 bits each)
- Dotted Decimal Notation: Each octet is converted to a decimal number, separated by dots (e.g., 192.168.1.1)
- DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol): Automatically assigns IP addresses to devices
Name Resolution
- DNS (Domain Name System): Resolves human-readable domain names to IP addresses
- Host Name Guidelines: Limited to letters, digits, and specific signs, with restrictions for first character and length
DNS Space Structure
- Root Domain: The top-level of the DNS hierarchy
- Top Level Domain (TLD): Examples: .com, .org, .net
- Second Level Domain: Registers specific organizations, maintained by ICANN
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of computer networks, including their components such as hubs, switches, and routers. Understand the primary elements like clients and servers, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of networking. This quiz will help reinforce your knowledge of how networks function and their applications.
