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Questions and Answers
What type of memory is described as 'non-volatile' and used for permanent data storage?
What type of memory is described as 'non-volatile' and used for permanent data storage?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Secondary Memory?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Secondary Memory?
What is the primary function of ROM (Read Only Memory)?
What is the primary function of ROM (Read Only Memory)?
What is the relationship between a byte and a bit?
What is the relationship between a byte and a bit?
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Which of these is a type of primary memory?
Which of these is a type of primary memory?
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What is the primary difference between SRAM and DRAM?
What is the primary difference between SRAM and DRAM?
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What is the main reason why RAM is crucial to the operation of a computer?
What is the main reason why RAM is crucial to the operation of a computer?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of RAM?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of RAM?
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What is the purpose of a DRAM controller?
What is the purpose of a DRAM controller?
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Why is SRAM considered faster than DRAM?
Why is SRAM considered faster than DRAM?
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Flashcards
Bit
Bit
The smallest unit of data in memory, representing either 0 or 1.
Byte
Byte
A collection of 8 bits, used to represent a single character in computer memory.
RAM
RAM
Random Access Memory, a type of primary memory that is volatile and fast.
ROM
ROM
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Secondary Memory
Secondary Memory
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Random Access Memory (RAM)
Random Access Memory (RAM)
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Volatile Memory
Volatile Memory
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Memory Efficiency
Memory Efficiency
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Study Notes
Memory Units
- The smallest unit is a bit, representing either 0 or 1.
- 1 byte = 8 bits
- 1 nibble = 4 bits
- 1 kilobyte (KB) = 1024 bytes = 210 bytes
- 1 megabyte (MB) = 1024 KB = 210 KB
- 1 gigabyte (GB) = 1024 MB = 210 MB
- 1 terabyte (TB) = 1024 GB = 210 GB
- 1 petabyte (PB) = 1024 TB = 210 TB
- 1 exabyte (EB) = 1024 PB = 210 PB
- 1 zettabyte (ZB) = 1024 EB = 210 EB
- 1 yottabyte (YB) = 1024 ZB = 210 ZB
Secondary Memory
- Also known as external or non-volatile memory.
- It is slower than primary memory.
- Used for storing data permanently.
- The CPU doesn't directly access secondary memory.
- Data is first transferred to primary memory, then the CPU accesses it.
- Examples include disk, CD-ROM, DVD.
- Characteristics:
- Magnetic and optical memories.
- Considered backup memory.
- Non-volatile: Data remains even when power is off.
- Used for data storage in a computer system.
- Slower than primary memory.
- A computer system can run without secondary memory
Memory Types
- Primary Memory:
- RAM (Random Access Memory)
- SRAM (Static RAM)
- DRAM (Dynamic RAM)
- ROM (Read-Only Memory)
- PROM (Programmable ROM)
- EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM)
- EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM)
- Flash Memory
- Mask ROM
- RAM (Random Access Memory)
- Secondary Memory:
- Hard disk, CD-ROM, DVD, removable media drives
- Tertiary Memory:
- Removable media drive, a robotic access system, removable medium
RAM (Random Access Memory)
- Classified Primarily by two types: SRAM and DRAM
- SRAM (Static RAM):
- Retains data as long as power is supplied.
- Faster access times than DRAM.
- More expensive and consumes more power.
- Used for processor caches
- DRAM (Dynamic RAM):
- Data needs to be refreshed periodically to maintain.
- Slower access times than SRAM.
- Less expensive and consumes less power.
- Used for the main computer memory.
Types of RAM (DDR)
- DDR1 SDRAM: Uses double pumping to transfer data on both clock edges.
- DDR2 SDRAM: Can perform four transfers per clock cycle.
- DDR3 SDRAM: Higher frequency input/output buffers.
- DDR4 SDRAM: Wider buses.
- DDR5 SDRAM: Further improvements in speed and bandwidth.
Cache Memory
- A cache is a smaller, faster memory that stores copies of frequently used data from the main memory.
- It helps reduce the average time to access memory.
- When the processor needs data, it first checks the cache. If found there, it's much faster than accessing main memory.
ROM (Read-Only Memory)
- Categorized by how the information is programmed
- Mask ROM: The contents are permanently set by the manufacturer during fabrication.
- PROM (Programmable ROM): Programmed by the user, but only once using a device programmer. Also known as OTP (one-time programmable).
- EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM): Can be erased and reprogrammed multiple times using ultraviolet light. Requires removing the chip.
- EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM): Can be erased and reprogrammed electrically without removing from the system.
- Flash Memory: A type of EEPROM that offers high density and fast write speeds on a sector basis which is usually stored in bytes.
Hybrid Memory Types
- Combine features of RAM and ROM.
- Can be read and written like RAM, but retain data without power like ROM (e.g., EEPROM, Flash memory)
- NVRAM (Non-Volatile RAM). A modified version of SRAM that holds persistent data.
EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM)
- Erasing and programming is done electrically.
- Does not require removal from the system for erasing.
- Higher cost compared to other memory types.
Flash Memory
- High density, non-volatile, fast read and fairly fast write compared to other memory types
- Usually organized in sectors, not single bytes.
- Increasingly popular in storage devices.
Mask ROM
- Contents are set by the manufacturer during fabrication.
- High volume applications
- Cheaper than other kinds of ROM.
- Used when the data will not change during its lifetime.
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Description
Test your knowledge about various types of computer memory, including the characteristics of RAM, ROM, SRAM, and DRAM. This quiz will challenge your understanding of how these memory types function and their roles in data storage. Ideal for computer science students and enthusiasts.
