Computer Hardware Fundamentals

Study Notes

Hardware Fundamentals

Computer systems include the CPU, RAM, storage (HDDs, SSDs), input/output devices (keyboard, mouse, monitor), and expansion cards.
The CPU, the computer's "brain," executes instructions using components like the ALU and control unit.
RAM is temporary storage for active data and instructions; it's volatile, losing data when power is off.
Storage devices (HDDs and SSDs) store data permanently. SSDs are faster and more durable than HDDs.
Input/output devices are used for interaction; examples include keyboards, mice, monitors, printers, and scanners.
The motherboard connects all components and includes expansion card slots.
Expansion cards enhance computer functions (e.g., video, sound, networking).
The PSU converts AC to DC power for components.
Ports and connectors enable device connections (e.g., USB, HDMI, Ethernet).

Operating System Fundamentals

Operating systems (OS) manage hardware and software resources. Examples are Windows, macOS, and Linux.
OS functions include process management, memory management, disk management, user account management, and user interface provision.
File management allows users to organize and manipulate files and folders.
Operating systems have various types: desktop, server, mobile, embedded, and real-time.

Networking Fundamentals

Networks connect devices for resource sharing and communication. Common topologies include bus, star, ring, and mesh.
Network protocols (e.g., TCP/IP, HTTP, FTP) govern device communication.
Network devices (routers, switches, modems) connect and route data.
The internet is a global network of interconnected computers.

Mobile Devices

Mobile devices resemble computers but are portable. Essential components include processors, memory, storage, screens, and touch input.
Android and iOS are predominant mobile operating systems.
Mobile devices use cellular and Wi-Fi networks for communication.

Troubleshooting

Troubleshooting involves identifying and resolving technical issues systematically. Steps include identifying the problem, gathering information, isolating the problem, fixing the problem, verifying the fix, and documenting the process.
Error messages help pinpoint issues in the operating system or applications.

Security Fundamentals

Security threats include viruses, malware, phishing, social engineering, and denial-of-service attacks.
Security measures include antivirus software, firewalls, strong passwords, and data encryption.
Data backup and recovery (e.g., cloud backups, external drives) protect against data loss.

Software Fundamentals

Software types include system software (e.g., OS) and application software (e.g., word processors, web browsers).
Software installation methods vary by software and operating system. Check licensing and permissions before installation.

Hardware and Software Interoperability

Hardware compatibility ensures components work together effectively.
Software compatibility requires specific OS versions, hardware components, and drivers for proper application execution.
Device drivers enable communication between the operating system and hardware. Outdated drivers can lead to issues.
System requirements specify the necessary hardware and software for a program's operation, ensuring appropriate running.

Ethical Use of Technology

Digital citizenship involves responsible technology use, including avoidance of cyberbullying, plagiarism, and copyright respect.
Online privacy protection is crucial for online safety. Understanding privacy settings is vital for safe usage.
Respect for copyright law and intellectual property rights is essential when using digital media and software.

Description

This quiz covers the essential components of computer hardware, including the CPU, RAM, storage devices, and more. Test your knowledge on how these components interconnect and their functions within a computer system. Perfect for those looking to solidify their understanding of hardware fundamentals.