Computer Hardware Components

CPU (Central Processing Unit): executes instructions, performs calculations, and controls data transfer
- Consists of:
  - Control Unit: retrieves and decodes instructions
  - Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): performs arithmetic and logical operations
  - Registers: small amount of on-chip memory for temporary storage
Memory:
- RAM (Random Access Memory): temporary storage for data and programs
- ROM (Read-Only Memory): permanent storage for firmware
Input/Output Devices: keyboard, mouse, monitor, etc.
Storage Devices: hard drives, solid-state drives, flash drives, etc.

Types of Networks:
- LAN (Local Area Network): connects devices in a limited geographical area
- WAN (Wide Area Network): connects devices over a larger geographical area
- WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network): wireless connection between devices
Network Topology:
- Physical Topology: physical arrangement of devices
- Logical Topology: flow of data between devices
Network Protocols:
- TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol): standard for internet communication
- HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): protocol for web communication

System Software:
- Operating System (OS): manages hardware and provides interface for users
- Device Drivers: software for interacting with hardware devices
Application Software:
- Productivity Software: word processors, spreadsheets, etc.
- Utility Software: disk formatting, backups, etc.
- Games: entertainment software
Programming Languages:
- High-Level Languages: easy to read and write, e.g., Python, Java
- Low-Level Languages: close to machine language, e.g., Assembly, C

Input Devices:
- Keyboard
- Mouse
- Scanner
- Webcam
Output Devices:
- Monitor
- Printer
- Speakers
- Plotters
Input/Output Interfaces:
- USB (Universal Serial Bus)
- PS/2 (Personal System/2)
- HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface)

Algorithm: step-by-step procedure for solving a problem
Types of Algorithms:
- Sorting Algorithms: organize data in a specific order
- Searching Algorithms: find specific data within a dataset
- Graph Algorithms: work with graph data structures
Algorithm Complexity:
- Time Complexity: measure of execution time
- Space Complexity: measure of memory usage
Algorithm Design Techniques:
- Divide and Conquer
- Dynamic Programming
- Greedy Algorithms

CPU (Central Processing Unit): executes instructions, performs calculations, and controls data transfer, comprising:
- Control Unit: retrieves and decodes instructions
- Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): performs arithmetic and logical operations
- Registers: small amount of on-chip memory for temporary storage
Memory:
- RAM (Random Access Memory): temporary storage for data and programs
- ROM (Read-Only Memory): permanent storage for firmware
Input/Output Devices: include keyboard, mouse, monitor, etc.
Storage Devices: include hard drives, solid-state drives, flash drives, etc.

Types of Networks:
- LAN (Local Area Network): connects devices in a limited geographical area
- WAN (Wide Area Network): connects devices over a larger geographical area
- WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network): wireless connection between devices
Network Topology:
- Physical Topology: physical arrangement of devices
- Logical Topology: flow of data between devices
Network Protocols:
- TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol): standard for internet communication
- HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): protocol for web communication

System Software:
- Operating System (OS): manages hardware and provides interface for users
- Device Drivers: software for interacting with hardware devices
Application Software:
- Productivity Software: includes word processors, spreadsheets, etc.
- Utility Software: includes disk formatting, backups, etc.
- Games: entertainment software
Programming Languages:
- High-Level Languages: easy to read and write, e.g., Python, Java
- Low-Level Languages: close to machine language, e.g., Assembly, C

Input Devices:
- Keyboard
- Mouse
- Scanner
- Webcam
Output Devices:
- Monitor
- Printer
- Speakers
- Plotters
Input/Output Interfaces:
- USB (Universal Serial Bus)
- PS/2 (Personal System/2)
- HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface)

Algorithm: step-by-step procedure for solving a problem
Types of Algorithms:
- Sorting Algorithms: organize data in a specific order
- Searching Algorithms: find specific data within a dataset
- Graph Algorithms: work with graph data structures
Algorithm Complexity:
- Time Complexity: measure of execution time
- Space Complexity: measure of memory usage
Algorithm Design Techniques:
- Divide and Conquer
- Dynamic Programming
- Greedy Algorithms