Computer Hardware Components

Hardware Components

• CPU (Central Processing Unit): executes instructions, performs calculations, and controls data transfer
  • Consists of:
    • Control Unit: retrieves and decodes instructions
    • Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): performs arithmetic and logical operations
    • Registers: small amount of on-chip memory for temporary storage
• Memory:
  • RAM (Random Access Memory): temporary storage for data and programs
  • ROM (Read-Only Memory): permanent storage for firmware
• Input/Output Devices: keyboard, mouse, monitor, etc.
• Storage Devices: hard drives, solid-state drives, flash drives, etc.

Computer Networks

• Types of Networks:
  • LAN (Local Area Network): connects devices in a limited geographical area
  • WAN (Wide Area Network): connects devices over a larger geographical area
  • WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network): wireless connection between devices
• Network Topology:
  • Physical Topology: physical arrangement of devices
  • Logical Topology: flow of data between devices
• Network Protocols:
  • TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol): standard for internet communication
  • HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): protocol for web communication

Software Types

• System Software:
  • Operating System (OS): manages hardware and provides interface for users
  • Device Drivers: software for interacting with hardware devices
• Application Software:
  • Productivity Software: word processors, spreadsheets, etc.
  • Utility Software: disk formatting, backups, etc.
  • Games: entertainment software
• Programming Languages:
  • High-Level Languages: easy to read and write, e.g., Python, Java
  • Low-Level Languages: close to machine language, e.g., Assembly, C

Input/Output Devices

• Input Devices:
  • Keyboard
  • Mouse
  • Scanner
  • Webcam
• Output Devices:
  • Monitor
  • Printer
  • Speakers
  • Plotters
• Input/Output Interfaces:
  • USB (Universal Serial Bus)
  • PS/2 (Personal System/2)
  • HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface)

Algorithm Basics

• Algorithm: step-by-step procedure for solving a problem
• Types of Algorithms:
  • Sorting Algorithms: organize data in a specific order
  • Searching Algorithms: find specific data within a dataset
  • Graph Algorithms: work with graph data structures
• Algorithm Complexity:
  • Time Complexity: measure of execution time
  • Space Complexity: measure of memory usage
• Algorithm Design Techniques:
  • Divide and Conquer
  • Dynamic Programming
  • Greedy Algorithms

Hardware Components

• CPU (Central Processing Unit): executes instructions, performs calculations, and controls data transfer, comprising:
  • Control Unit: retrieves and decodes instructions
  • Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): performs arithmetic and logical operations
  • Registers: small amount of on-chip memory for temporary storage
• Memory:
  • RAM (Random Access Memory): temporary storage for data and programs
  • ROM (Read-Only Memory): permanent storage for firmware
• Input/Output Devices: include keyboard, mouse, monitor, etc.
• Storage Devices: include hard drives, solid-state drives, flash drives, etc.

Computer Networks

• Types of Networks:
  • LAN (Local Area Network): connects devices in a limited geographical area
  • WAN (Wide Area Network): connects devices over a larger geographical area
  • WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network): wireless connection between devices
• Network Topology:
  • Physical Topology: physical arrangement of devices
  • Logical Topology: flow of data between devices
• Network Protocols:
  • TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol): standard for internet communication
  • HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): protocol for web communication

Software Types

• System Software:
  • Operating System (OS): manages hardware and provides interface for users
  • Device Drivers: software for interacting with hardware devices
• Application Software:
  • Productivity Software: includes word processors, spreadsheets, etc.
  • Utility Software: includes disk formatting, backups, etc.
  • Games: entertainment software
• Programming Languages:
  • High-Level Languages: easy to read and write, e.g., Python, Java
  • Low-Level Languages: close to machine language, e.g., Assembly, C

Input/Output Devices

• Input Devices:
  • Keyboard
  • Mouse
  • Scanner
  • Webcam
• Output Devices:
  • Monitor
  • Printer
  • Speakers
  • Plotters
• Input/Output Interfaces:
  • USB (Universal Serial Bus)
  • PS/2 (Personal System/2)
  • HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface)

Algorithm Basics

• Algorithm: step-by-step procedure for solving a problem
• Types of Algorithms:
  • Sorting Algorithms: organize data in a specific order
  • Searching Algorithms: find specific data within a dataset
  • Graph Algorithms: work with graph data structures
• Algorithm Complexity:
  • Time Complexity: measure of execution time
  • Space Complexity: measure of memory usage
• Algorithm Design Techniques:
  • Divide and Conquer
  • Dynamic Programming
  • Greedy Algorithms