Computer Fundamentals S-I

Study Notes

Encompasses the use of computers, software, networks, and devices to manage information storage, processing, and transmission.
Key components include hardware, software, data, networks, telecommunications, cybersecurity, web development, mobile technology, cloud computing, and emerging technologies like AI and IoT.

Defined as electronic devices that process data according to a specific set of instructions, producing information for output or storage.
Types of computer systems categorized by processing speed, storage capacity, and portability include:
- Supercomputers: Fastest and most powerful systems, used for complex calculations (e.g., weather forecasting). Examples include IBM's Summit and Fujitsu's Fugaku.
- Mainframes: Large systems for processing vital data in industries like finance and healthcare. E.g., IBM zSeries.
- Desktops: Personal computers designed for office or home use; generally less powerful and more affordable. Brands include Dell, HP, and Apple.
- Mobile Devices: Portable computers (smartphones, tablets, laptops) used for internet access and applications. Examples include MacBook and iPhone.
- Embedded Systems: Specialized systems within larger devices (e.g., microwaves, cars). They perform specific tasks and are not user-programmable.

Input Devices: Enable data entry; examples are keyboards and scanners.
Central Processing Unit (CPU): The main brain of the computer, executing program instructions.
Primary Memory (RAM): Temporary storage for active data and instructions used by the CPU.
Secondary Storage: Long-term data storage; includes hard drives and flash drives.
Output Devices: Allow users to see processed information; examples are monitors and printers.

Conversions require division or multiplication by 1024 based on movement between storage unit sizes.

One's Complement: Inverts all bits (0s become 1s and vice versa).
Two's Complement: Includes finding the one's complement and adding one to the least significant bit for negative binary representation.

Explaining IT: Define IT simply, emphasizing its role in everyday life with relatable examples.
Choosing a Computer: Differentiate between desktops, laptops, and tablets based on processing speed, storage, and portability.
Understanding Components: Explain CPU functions, hard drives' roles, and what RAM and motherboards do to a beginner.
Upgrading Infrastructure: Contrast supercomputers, mainframes, and desktops while making recommendations based on specific needs.
Developing Wearables: Distinguish mobile devices from embedded systems, discussing which is more suitable for portable applications and justifying the choice.