Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime - Chapter 11
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Questions and Answers

What is a necessary requirement for applying for a search warrant?

  • A prior conviction of the suspect
  • Probable cause indicating a crime has been committed (correct)
  • A confession from the suspect
  • Witness testimonies of the crime

    • What is one reason that justifies a no-knock warrant?

  • The target is of low sophistication
  • The evidence is likely to be destroyed (correct)
  • No prior offenses by the suspect
  • The resident is present at the location

    • Which activity is considered a pre-search activity for gathering potential evidence?

  • Surveillance of the suspect's home
  • Engaging in social engineering (correct)
  • Collecting physical evidence from the crime scene
  • Conducting an interview with a witness

    • Why must the seizure of equipment be justified?

    <p>It is constitutional law that requires justification (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about criminal contraband is true?

    <p>It can be seized without any judicial authority (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major challenge faced by computer crime investigators due to resource limitations?

    <p>Need to play multiple roles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is digital evidence often considered fragile?

    <p>It is susceptible to various forms of damage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step involved in serving a warrant?

    <p>Knock (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action is NOT part of securing the crime scene?

    <p>Collecting evidence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complicates the process of finding potential evidence in cyber crime?

    <p>Growing sophistication of criminals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be documented when processing a crime scene?

    <p>Date, time, and description of the computer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the cost of investigations affect agencies handling cyber crime?

    <p>Failure could lead to lawsuits against the agency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What often surpasses the pace of law enforcement training in the context of cyber crime?

    <p>Technological advancements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is photograph/video documentation important during the investigation?

    <p>It can weaken defense arguments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may be required when searching specialized computer systems?

    <p>External specialists (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT typically included in a law enforcement tool kit for computer forensics?

    <p>Video recording equipment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the Seizure Team primarily play at a crime scene?

    <p>To bag and tag collected evidence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the SMEAC preparation model, what does the 'E' in SMEAC stand for?

    <p>Execution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bag is specifically mentioned as preventing loss of data due to static electricity?

    <p>Antistatic bag (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What additional equipment is necessary for networked computers during a forensic search?

    <p>Off-site storage consideration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Digital evidence is considered stable and reliable.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The growing sophistication of criminals complicates the search for potential evidence.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Finding digital evidence is inexpensive and straightforward.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Analyzing only samples of potential evidence is sufficient in forensic investigations.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Slow legislation can hinder law enforcement's ability to keep up with technological advancements.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Backup hardware is not considered a part of computer-specific equipment used in law enforcement.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antistatic bags are used to prevent data loss due to static electricity during evidence collection.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A search warrant application does not need to be reviewed by computer experts before submission.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Seizure Team is usually the first team to arrive at a crime scene.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Evidence tape is an essential component of the traditional equipment used in pre-search activities.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Probable cause must demonstrate that a crime has been committed and that evidence of that crime exists at a specific location.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Multiple warrants are unnecessary when dealing with different types of crime evidence.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Seizing equipment does not require justification beyond the reason for searching.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    No-knock warrants may be utilized under circumstances like evidence destruction or the nature of the offense.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Criminal contraband can be seized without any judicial authority.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When processing the scene, documenting the date and time is not necessary.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Securing the crime scene includes dealing with dangerous individuals.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Photograph/video documentation can enhance defense arguments regarding evidence contamination.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    External specialists may be needed when searching for mainframes and minicomputers.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Locating and securing all computers is part of the steps involved in serving a warrant.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Digital Evidence Volatility

    Digital evidence is easily lost or changed, influenced by climate, environment, and human action.

    Multi-role Operation

    Investigators may have to act as different roles (e.g., supervisor, investigator, technician) simultaneously, due to resource scarcity.

    Potential Evidence Volume

    Finding and analyzing all possible evidence in a cyber crime scene, not just a sample.

    Forensic Investigation Approach

    A legal procedure to uncover digital evidence at a cybercrime scene.

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    Digital Evidence Complexity

    Criminals are using advanced techniques (like encryption, steganography) to hide evidence.

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    Probable Cause in Search Warrants

    A legal requirement for issuing a search warrant, demonstrating a crime has been committed and evidence exists at a specific location.

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    Seizing Computer Equipment

    The legal process of taking possession of computer hardware and storage devices during a search, requiring justification beyond just the search itself.

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    Explicit Seizure Permission

    A request made during a search warrant application to explicitly authorize seizure of all hardware and storage devices.

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    No-Knock Warrant

    A warrant allowing officers to enter a location without knocking, justified by urgent circumstances such as potential evidence destruction or target sophistication.

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    Exigent Circumstances

    Urgent situations justifying immediate action, such as the risk of evidence destruction or a dangerous suspect.

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    Secondary Warrants

    Additional search warrants needed when the initial warrant doesn't cover all relevant evidence, like searching for identity theft while finding drug-related data.

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    Networked Computer Searches

    Searching for evidence on networked computers can be complex because data may be stored off-site, requiring additional warrants and access.

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    SMEAC Planning

    A military-style planning method for computer forensics investigations, covering situation, mission, execution, avenues of approach, and communications.

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    On-Scene Personnel

    Different roles are required at a computer forensics scene, including case supervision, arrest, security, interviewing, sketching, photography, physical searching, and evidence collection.

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    Tool Kit Essentials

    Specialized equipment is needed for digital evidence collection, including evidence tape, storage containers, antistatic bags, and imaging software.

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    Securing a Crime Scene

    Steps taken to preserve evidence and ensure safety at a cybercrime scene, including isolating individuals, computers, and network access.

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    External Specialists in Forensics

    Experts called in for specific technical knowledge, mainly when dealing with complex computer systems like mainframes or specialized servers.

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    Documentation of the Scene

    Creating a detailed record of the scene's condition, including timestamps, computer details, personnel involved, and evidence discovered.

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    Photograph/Video Documentation

    Capturing visual evidence to support the legitimacy of collected evidence and counter claims of manipulation.

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    Steps in Serving a Warrant

    The sequence of actions involved in executing a warrant, beginning with a knock, followed by identification, and then proper documentation.

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    What is a secondary warrant?

    An additional warrant needed when the initial warrant doesn't cover all relevant evidence. For example, if you search for theft of identity and find drug trafficking records, you will need a secondary warrant to search for the drugs.

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    Search Warrant Review

    A detailed examination of the search warrant application by computer experts and legal counsel to ensure accuracy and legal compliance before submitting it to the court.

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    Probable Cause

    A legal requirement for obtaining a search warrant, demonstrating a crime has been committed and that evidence related to that crime exists at the specific location being searched.

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    Seizing Equipment

    Legally justified taking possession of computer hardware and storage devices during a search, requiring more than just the search warrant itself.

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    Serving a Warrant

    The process of executing a search warrant, involving knocking, identification, and documentation.

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    Securing a Cybercrime Scene

    Protecting the crime scene from contamination, involving securing computers, disabling network access, and controlling personnel.

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    Documenting the Scene

    Creating a detailed record of the scene, including timestamps, computer details, personnel, and evidence.

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    Study Notes

    Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime - Chapter 11

    • Forensic Investigation: A legal approach to find digital evidence in cyber crime scenes. Involves pre-search and on-site search activities.

    Traditional Problems Associated with Finding Digital Evidence

    • Multirole Operation: Investigators often have to play multiple roles (supervisor, investigator, technician, scientist) due to resource limitations. This can complicate investigations.
    • Fragility of Evidence: Digital evidence is volatile (easily damaged by climate, environment, human error) and voluminous (large amounts).
    • Size of Potential Evidence: Forensic analysis requires examining all potential evidence, not just sample portions.
    • Expense to Conduct Thoroughly: Accurate forensic investigations can be costly, and errors can lead to lawsuits.
    • Complexity of Evidence: Increasing criminal sophistication makes it harder to access potential evidence (e.g., encryption, steganography).
    • Slow Legislation: Advances in technology outpace law enforcement training, thus creating a gap in understanding.

    Pre-Search Activities

    • Reliance on Traditional Methods: Gather information to prepare for scene arrival.
    • Scene Evaluation: Determine location, size, type, and number of computers at the crime scene.
    • Personnel Risks: Assess potential risks from personnel involved in the scene.
    • Evidence Volatility: Understand how easily evidence can be changed or lost during the investigation.
    • Legal Authority: Clearly define the judicial authority to gather evidence.
    • Expertise Requirements: Determine if expert personnel from outside are needed.
    • Engagement in Social Engineering: Using deception to gather information, when deemed necessary.
    • Dumpster Diving: Look for evidence discarded in public receptacles or trash cans.
    • Warrant Preparation: The request for a search warrant should be reviewed by both legal counsel and computer experts. The warrant must demonstrate probable cause that a crime was committed and evidence of the crime exists at the specific location.
    • Seizure Justification: Justifying the seizure of equipment, differentiating between search and seizure. Explicit permission required to seize all hardware and storage devices. Some criminal contraband can be seized without a warrant.
    • No-Knock Warrants: An option under specific circumstances that involve nature of the offense, potential for evidence destruction, sophistication of the target. or the absence of the resident.
    • Multiple Warrants: Sometimes, multiple warrants are needed. Example is searching for theft of identity when a drug trafficking case is also involved or networked computers located potentially at multiple sites.
    • SMEAC: A plan preparation method that involves Situation, Mission, Execution, Avenues of approach and escape, and Communications.
    • On-Scene Personnel Roles: Different teams are needed such as Case Supervisor, Arrest Team, Scene Security Team, Interview and Interrogation Team, Sketch and Photo Team, Physical Search Team, & Seizure Team.

    On-Scene Activities

    • Equipment Seizure: Document the state of computers before powering off. Evidence tape should be placed over all disk openings and all cords and empty slots should be labelled.
    • Documentation of Evidence: Document everything. At a minimum, create records of date, time, computer descriptions (including damage), investigative team personnel, individuals present and witnesses. All investigative leads and investigative software used.
    • Photography/Video Documentation: Important to mitigate defense arguments that officers contaminated or corrupted evidence.
    • Critical Information: Including identifying information during scene sketching.
    • Trace Evidence Considerations: Be mindful that trace evidence (e.g., hair, fibers, fingerprints) is often overlooked. Consider using post-it notes, computer printouts, type of paper to discover circumstantial connections.
    • Investigating Potential Evidence: Evidence to look for could be physical (desktops, monitors, keyboards, telephones, wallets/purses, clothing, trash cans/recycle bins, printers).
    • Seizure and Documentation: The seizure and documentation of evidence are limited to the warrant requirements. All annotations must be in ink, comprehensive notes must be taken, and images of the drives should be taken to clean media.
    • Packaging & Transporting: Be mindful of the temperature (heat), oil, dirt, dust, magnetic fields, and other environmental characteristics.
    • Evidence Control: Ensure evidence is properly controlled and tracked.

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    Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime PDF

    Description

    Explore Chapter 11 of Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime, which dives into the intricacies of forensic investigation for digital evidence. This chapter covers the challenges faced by investigators, including the fragility and complexity of digital evidence and the multi-role demands placed on them. Understand the implications of these factors in cyber crime investigations.

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