Computer Components and Programming Basics
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What happens when the I/O device completes its operation?

  • The microprocessor resumes execution of the user program. (correct)
  • The I/O device sends a signal to power down.
  • The user program halts permanently.
  • The operating system logs the completion of the process.

    • The microprocessor always completes processing a WRITE system call before executing the next one.

    False

    What routine does the microprocessor execute when it receives an interrupt signal from the I/O controller?

    Interrupt Service Routine

    The _____ prepares and commands the I/O device to process data during a WRITE system call.

    <p>operating system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following actions with their corresponding outcomes in an interrupt cycle:

    <p>User program hangs = Second WRITE operation waiting I/O operation complete = Interrupt signal sent to MP MP suspends current program = Servicing I/O device with ISR First WRITE call executed = Preparing for parallel processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of an I/O module in a computer system?

    <p>Exchanges data with system-memory and manages multiple external I/O devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The microprocessor (MP) is solely responsible for executing data transfers in a computer system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of signals does an I/O module dispatch to the MP?

    <p>Interrupt signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A system bus interconnects major computer components including the MP, system-memory, and __________.

    <p>I/O modules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their functions in a computer system:

    <p>Memory = Stores data and instructions I/O Module = Manages data exchange with external devices Microprocessor (MP) = Executes instructions and processes data Data Bus = Transports data among system components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes a bus in a computer system?

    <p>It is a shared transmission medium for multiple devices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The instruction cycle refers to the process of fetching, decoding, executing, and storing instructions in a computer.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of control signals in a microprocessor?

    <p>To manage and control operations in the computer system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An I/O module can control multiple external I/O devices via its __________.

    <p>I/O ports</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following instruction categories with their characteristics:

    <p>Data Transfer = Moves data from one location to another Arithmetic Operations = Performs mathematical calculations Logic Operations = Manipulates binary data using Boolean logic Control Operations = Directs the flow of execution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Memory Address Register (MAR) specify?

    <p>The address in memory for the next read or write operation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Instruction Cycle consists of only the Fetching Cycle.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the I/O Buffer Register (I/OBR)?

    <p>To store data exchanged between an I/O module and the CPU.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The CPU uses the ________ to fetch instructions from Main Memory.

    <p>Memory Address Register</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the components with their descriptions:

    <p>MAR = Specifies address for read/write operations MBR = Contains data to be written or read I/OAR = Identifies a specific I/O device I/OBR = Stores data exchanged with I/O module</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of Main Memory?

    <p>Temporarily stores instructions and data for processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Data transfer operations only occur during the execution of a program.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an I/O module do?

    <p>Transfers data between external devices and Main Memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A program execution halts only when a program instruction ________ it or an unrecoverable error occurs.

    <p>terminates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cycle is NOT part of the Instruction Cycle?

    <p>I/O Cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which control signal indicates that data on the data bus should be written to a specific memory location?

    <p>Memory Write</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Bus Grant signal indicates that a module has requested control of the bus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Control Bus in a computer system?

    <p>To control access and the use of the data and address buses by transmitting command and timing information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ bus is used to indicate the source or destination of the data being transported.

    <p>Address</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which signal is responsible for indicating that a pending interrupt has been recognized?

    <p>Interrupt ACK</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following control signals with their functions:

    <p>Memory Write = Writes data to memory I/O Read = Fetches data from I/O port Transfer ACK = Confirms data transfer completion Clock = Synchronizes operations of components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Control Bus can transmit data and address information simultaneously.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Clock signal do in a computer system?

    <p>It synchronizes the operations of various computer components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Program Counter (PC) hold?

    <p>The address of the next instruction to be fetched</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Instruction Register (IR) holds the address of the next instruction to be fetched.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the operand fetch phase in the instruction cycle?

    <p>To fetch the operand from memory or the I/O device.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the ______ phase, the instruction is read from the system memory into the microprocessor.

    <p>Instruction fetch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following instruction categories with their functionalities:

    <p>Processor-Memory = Data transfer to or from memory Processor-I/O = Data transfer to or from an I/O device Data processing = Performing arithmetic or logic operations Control = Altering the sequence of execution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What operation does the Instruction Cycle include after fetching an instruction?

    <p>Calculating the operand address</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The same instruction can be executed multiple times in a single instruction cycle.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main categories of operations that a computer instruction can involve?

    <p>Processor-Memory, Processor-I/O, Data processing, Control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ operation in the instruction cycle performs the action indicated by the instruction.

    <p>Data operation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase would involve determining the memory location of an operand?

    <p>Operand address calculation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Computer Components

    • Modern computer designs are based on the von Neumann architecture, with data and instructions stored in the same memory.
    • Data and instructions are addressable.
    • Instructions are executed sequentially, unless altered by system control signals.
    • Basic digital-logic components can be configured to store data, instructions, and perform operations.

    Hardwired Programming

    • A configuration of logic components is designed for a specific operation.
    • The "program" is in hardware form.
    • Data input results in specific output.

    General-Purpose Programming

    • Uses hardware that performs different operations based on control signals.
    • Input data, combined with control signals, produces output.
    • Programming is modifiable through control signals rather than rewiring.
    • A program is a sequence of instructions (or codes).

    Computer Function

    • The core function of a computer is program execution.
    • Programs are made up of instructions, read from memory.
    • The process of executing an instruction is an Instruction Cycle, consisting of fetch and execute cycles.

    Instruction Cycle Outline

    • The processor fetches an instruction from memory.
    • The Program Counter (PC) holds the address of the next instruction.
    • The fetched instruction moves to the Instruction Register (IR).
    • The processor interprets and performs the instruction.
    • Supporting processes are coordinated with the computer's other components.

    Categories of Computer Instructions

    • Processor-Memory: Transferring data between processor and memory.
    • Processor-I/O: Transferring data between processor and I/O devices.
    • Data processing: Arithmetic or logic operations on data.
    • Control: Changing the sequence of instruction execution.

    Detailed Instruction Cycle States

    • Instruction address calculation determines the next instruction's address.
    • Instruction fetch retrieves the instruction from memory.
    • Instruction operation decoding analyzes the operation performed.
    • Operand address calculations locate operands.
    • Operand fetch retrieves operands from memory or I/O.
    • Data operation executes the instruction's operation.
    • Operand store saves results in memory or I/O.

    Computer Interrupts

    • Hardware and software can generate interrupts.
    • Interrupts interrupt the normal execution sequence.
    • The microprocessor saves the current state and processes the interrupt.
    • Interrupts allow for efficient response to events that require immediate attention (especially I/O).

    Impact of interrupts on Instruction Cycle

    • There are two scenarios:
      • Short I/O operation: The user program continues running concurrently with the I/O operation.
      • Long I/O operation: The I/O operation is long, the user program waits until the completion of the operation.

    Multiple Interrupt Processing

    • Multiple interrupts can occur.
    • Two approaches: sequential and nested interrupt management.

    Computer Interconnection Structures

    • A computer's components are interconnected through buses.
    • System buses link the microprocessor, memory, and I/O modules.
    • Buses include data, address, and control buses.
    • Buses enable information exchange and control signals through the computer system.

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    Description

    This quiz covers fundamental concepts of computer components and programming paradigms, focusing on the von Neumann architecture, hardwired programming, and general-purpose programming. Test your knowledge of how computers execute programs and handle data and instructions.

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