Computer Components and IP Addressing
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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of altering the OSPF dead interval using the ip ospf dead-interval [Num] command?

  • To increase the frequency of hello packets sent between neighbors.
  • To directly influence the OSPF hello interval to ensure consistent neighbor relationships.
  • To adjust the interface MTU to optimize packet transmission.
  • To modify the duration a router waits before declaring a neighbor as down. (correct)

In the context of network communication, what is primarily managed at the Transport layer?

  • Routing data packets between different networks.
  • Defining the physical connections between devices.
  • Translating domain names to IP addresses.
  • Ensuring reliable data transfer between applications. (correct)

If you configure the OSPF dead interval independently of the hello interval, what should you be aware of?

  • OSPF automatically recalculates the hello interval based on the new dead interval to maintain optimal performance.
  • The ratio between the hello and dead intervals will automatically adjust to the default 1:4 ratio.
  • The relationship between the hello and dead intervals might not adhere to the default 1:4 ratio. (correct)
  • The OSPF process will prioritize the hello interval, overriding any manual dead interval configuration.

A network administrator decreases the OSPF dead interval on a critical link. Which of the following is a potential consequence of this change?

<p>Faster detection of neighbor failures, but increased risk of false positives due to transient network issues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the OSI model is responsible for determining the best path for data packets to travel from source to destination?

<p>Network Layer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The default OSPF dead interval is typically four times the hello interval. If the hello interval is configured to 15 seconds, what is the default dead interval?

<p>60 seconds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of a port in network communication?

<p>To identify specific processes or applications on a device. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a TCP/IP network, what addressing information is contained within the Network Layer?

<p>Source and destination IP addresses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When configuring OSPF, under what circumstance might an administrator choose to deviate from the default dead interval?

<p>To accelerate failure detection in environments where rapid recovery is critical. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios would primarily involve the Application layer of the OSI model?

<p>Displaying a webpage in a web browser. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are both source and destination ports necessary in network communication?

<p>To allow the receiving device to identify where to send the response. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the closest description of Web Data?

<p>Data associated with web applications, such as user information or website content. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of network layers, how does the Data Link Layer primarily enhance the functionality provided by the Physical Layer?

<p>By providing error detection and correction mechanisms for reliable data transfer. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following functions is typically performed by the Data Link Layer?

<p>Providing reliable node-to-node data transfer across a single link. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of MAC addresses in network communication within the Data Link Layer?

<p>To uniquely identify devices on a local network for frame delivery. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer is responsible for Physical addresses?

<p>Data Link Layer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a network adapter's MAC address is 00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E, what is the purpose of this address?

<p>Identifying the device on the local network segment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given that the Physical Layer is responsible for the transmission of raw bits, what additional functionality does the Data Link Layer provide to ensure reliable communication?

<p>Error detection and correction, along with framing of data. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Data Link Layer handle situations where two devices attempt to transmit data simultaneously on a shared medium?

<p>It employs media access control (MAC) protocols to coordinate access to the medium. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider a scenario where a device successfully transmits a frame on a network. What steps does the Data Link Layer take to confirm that the frame was received correctly?

<p>It employs error detection codes and may request retransmission if errors are detected. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A network administrator notices a high number of collisions on a local Ethernet network. Which of the following actions would be the MOST appropriate first step to reduce collisions at the Data Link Layer?

<p>Replace hubs with switches to reduce the collision domain. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Cisco Packet Tracer, what is the primary function of BGP?

<p>To simulate routing between different autonomous systems. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What command is used in Cisco IOS to view the routing protocols configured on a device?

<p><code>show ip protocols</code> (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A network engineer needs to verify the OSPF configuration on a router. Which command provides the most direct information about OSPF settings?

<p><code>show ip protocols</code> (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

You are troubleshooting BGP peering issues in Packet Tracer. What aspect of BGP does this simulation primarily help you understand?

<p>Inter-domain routing between different networks. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A router is configured with both OSPF and EIGRP. How would you quickly verify which of these protocols are active using the command line?

<p>Use <code>show ip protocols</code> to list all active IP routing protocols. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios would most benefit from using BGP in a Cisco Packet Tracer simulation?

<p>Simulating a large service provider network with multiple connections to other networks. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When using the command show ip protocols, what type of information can you expect to see regarding OSPF?

<p>OSPF process ID, router ID, networks being advertised, and neighbor information. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If show ip protocols indicates that no routing protocols are configured, what is the most likely cause?

<p>No routing protocol has been configured or activated on the router. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does verifying routing protocols contribute to network troubleshooting?

<p>It confirms that the routing protocols are correctly configured and operating as expected. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What implication does the use of BGP in a simulated environment, such as Cisco Packet Tracer, have on understanding real-world network scalability?

<p>It helps in understanding how different networks interconnect and manage traffic, which is crucial for network scalability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the passive-interface command in routing protocols?

<p>To prevent the router from sending routing updates on a specific interface. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario would configuring an interface as passive be most beneficial?

<p>When the interface connects to a network segment where routing updates are unnecessary and could pose a security risk. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical consequence of configuring an interface as passive?

<p>The router stops receiving routing updates on that interface. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider a router with three interfaces. One connects to the internet, one to the corporate LAN, and one to a test network. On which interface is it most appropriate to configure the passive-interface command?

<p>The interface connected to the test network. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a router is configured to use RIP and an interface is set as passive, what impact does this have on RIP's operation over that interface?

<p>The router will only receive RIP updates, but not send them. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which routing protocol is most likely to benefit from the implementation of passive-interface on interfaces connected to end-user networks?

<p>EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A network engineer configures passive-interface default on a router. What is the likely outcome of this configuration?

<p>All interfaces will become passive, and the engineer must then selectively enable routing on specific interfaces. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential security benefit does using the passive-interface command provide in a network?

<p>It prevents unauthorized devices from learning the network topology through routing advertisements. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios would justify the use of passive-interface on an interface connected to a DMZ (Demilitarized Zone)?

<p>To prevent the internal network topology details from being advertised to the DMZ. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the command passive-interface contribute to network stability in scenarios with potentially noisy or unstable links?

<p>By preventing unnecessary routing updates from being sent, reducing overhead and potential instability caused by flapping links. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What level is the Data Link layer?

The Data Link layer is level 2 of the OSI model.

What does MAC stand for?

MAC stands for Media Access Control.

What level is the Physical layer?

The Physical is level 1 of the OSI model.

What does a MAC address do?

The MAC address uniquely identifies a device on a network.

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Application Layer

The application layer is the 5th layer which provides the interface for users to interact with the network.

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Transport Layer

The transport layer is the 4th layer which provides reliable and ordered delivery of data between applications.

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D. Port, S. Port

Destination port and Source port are used to send or receive packages.

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Network Layer

The network layer is the 3rd layer which handles routing of data packets between different networks.

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D.IP, S.IP

Destination IP and Source IP are used to uniquely identify devices on a network.

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Web Data

In this case we receive data in the destination port and send data from a source port.

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BGP in Packet Tracer

Simulates inter-AS routing in large networks.

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show ip protocols

Displays the routing protocol configured.

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ip ospf dead-interval [Num]

Command used to modify the dead interval in OSPF.

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OSPF

An interior routing protocol mainly used within a single autonomous system.

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Network Verification

Verification ensures the network is configured correctly and operating as expected.

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OSPF Default Dead Interval

The default length of time a router waits to receive a hello packet before declaring a neighbor as down.

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Autonomous System (AS)

A collection of networks under a single administrative domain.

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Default dead interval timer

The default dead interval is 40 seconds.

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Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP)

Used between different autonomous systems.

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Dead/Hello Interval Ratio

Changing the dead interval does not automatically adjust the hello interval; the 1:4 ratio between hello and dead intervals is not preserved.

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Routing Protocol

A dynamic routing protocol that calculates the best path for data packets.

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Function of the Dead Interval

The dead timer states the interval, after which, if the device will declare the neighbor down and remove it from the routing table.

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Cisco Packet Tracer

A software tool used to simulate network scenarios.

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Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)

Protocol for exchanging routing information between gateways

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Routing Information Protocols(RIP)

A specific version of IPv4 routing protocol.

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passive-interface command

Prevents a router from sending routing updates on a specific interface.

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What is a passive interface?

An interface on a router where routing updates are suppressed.

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Purpose of passive-interface

To stop routing updates from being advertised out of an interface.

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Passive Interface - Listening?

It still listens for updates, but doesn't advertise its own.

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Passive Interface - Neighbor?

The router will not form neighbor relationships via that interface.

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Routing Updates

To prevent the router from sending routing updates on a specific interface

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Which interface types can be configured as passive?

e0/0, Serial0/0. or a VLAN

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What does a passive-interface manage?

Used to manage communication with the network.

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Subnet Advertisement?

Configuring an interface as passive prevents advertisement of the subnet connected to that interface.

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Study Notes

Computer Components

  • A computer executes software through a set of instructions.
  • RAM (memory) determines the number of applications that can run concurrently.
  • Storage determines the number of applications that can be installed on a computer.
  • The motherboard is responsible for connecting all computer components.
  • The processor is responsible for processing tasks.
  • The power supply regulates voltage to prevent short circuits.
  • The graphics card processes and displays graphics (has its own processor).
  • BIOS loads the operating system.
  • CMOS is a RAM memory that runs with a battery to operate when the computer is off, this is used for the BIOS.

IP Addressing

  • Private IP address ranges are: 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255, 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255, and 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255.
  • Internal IP addresses represent a specific computer on a network.
  • External IP addresses represent a server on a network (e.g., a website).

Subnet Mask

  • Some examples include: 255.0.0.0, 255.255.0.0, 255.255.255.0, and 255.255.255.255
  • Class A: 1-126, with a subnet mask of 255.0.0.0
  • Class B: 128-191, with a subnet mask of 255.255.0.0
  • Class C: 192-223, with a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0

Network ID

  • Network ID is the first IP address in a network, used to identify the network.

Additional Concepts

  • Encapsulation creates the information package, while decapsulation opens the information package.
  • Communication enables a computer to send input to an application on another computer and receive output, requiring physical, logical, and application connections.
  • A MAC address is a unique identifier for each network card, composed of 12 hexadecimal characters separated by colons or hyphens.
  • Physical connection between two computers can be done by Ethernet NIC RJ-45 or Wireless.

Storage Sizes

  • X = bit
  • xxxxxxxx - bite
  • 1,024B = 1MB
  • 1,024MB = 1GB
  • 1,024GB = 1TB
  • 1,024TB = 1PB

TCP/IP Model

  • Includes Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport and Application layers for web data.

VLAN

  • VLANs divide a switch into logical segments for communication between computers by dividing the switch into smaller virtual ones, requiring physical, logical, and application connections.
  • VLANs provides separations with individual physical connections for every network VLAN.

Switch Configuration

  • Setting a Banner: config, banner motd@[Input]@
  • Some permission types include: User mode (Switch>), Privilege mode (Switch#), and Global Configuration mode (Switch(config)#).
  • Trunk configuration: config, interface FE [num]-, switchport mode trunk
  • Password configuration: config, line console 0-, password [input]-, login-
  • VLAN configuration and association: config, vlan [num]-, exit-, interface FE [num]-, switchport access vlan [x]-

Router Permissions

  • Three permission types exist: User mode (Router>), Privilege mode (Router#), and Global Configuration mode (Router(config)#).

Configuration

  • IP and Subnet Mask: config, interface GE[num]-, ip address [IP] [Subnet]-

NAC (Network Access Control)

  • Creates a network security layer using protocols.
  • Port Security: Secures ports by specifying MAC addresses that can connect to a physical port, the port will shut down if another computer attempts to connect.
  • Password For Switch: Configures a password on the Switch to create a more secure access, someone will need console cable access.

Configuration

  • config, line console 0-, password "[input]"- login-

Startup Config

  • Configures the Switch so settings don't reset if deliberately or accidentally reset, preserving security protocols.

Port Shutdown

  • Disables unused physical ports to prevent unauthorized connections.

ARP Table

  • Each computer stores an ARP table that lists the IP and MAC addresses of other computers on the same network.
  • The ARP table's purpose is to document local IP and MAC addresses to map them so each computer can assemble data in encapsulation in TCP/IP for layers 3 and 4 MAC and IP addresses.

Subnetting

  • Divides a large IP network into smaller subnets to optimize IP address usage and improve network management by updating the subnet mask to separate the network identification.
  • Default Gateway: The IP address of the network card on the router that connects to the network itself.
  • Network-ID: The first IP address in the network, used to identify the network and it's not assigned it to any device
  • IP Range: Assignable IP addresses for computers in the network, starts the network ID.
  • Subnet Mask: Represents the part of the IP address that constitutes the network ID, with all bits for the ID replaced by 1.
  • Number of IP`s: Calculated using the formula 2^32-subnet bits -2.
  • Broadcast: Transmits the information package sent to it to all computers on the network.

CAM Table

  • The CAM table is stored within the Switch containing MAC address ports used by the switch.
  • The switch gathers this info by sent data to the computer.
  • An MAC address is a unique address set by manufacturer that cannot be changed.

Encapsulation

  • The process of creating a data packet using TCP/IP with 5 layers of information.
  • Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport and Application

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Description

Learn about essential computer components such as RAM, motherboard, and processor. Understand IP addressing, including private and external IP ranges, and the role of the subnet mask in networks. Explore fundamental hardware and networking concepts.

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