Questions and Answers
What is the advantage of Harvard Architecture over Von Neumann Architecture?
What is the main concept behind Von Neumann Architecture?
What is the limitation of Von Neumann Architecture?
Which of the following is an application of Harvard Architecture?
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What is another name for Von Neumann Architecture?
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What is the primary function of an Operating System?
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Which type of Operating System does not allow user interaction during job execution?
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What is the term for the process of starting up a computer?
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Which of the following is NOT a goal of an Operating System?
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Which architecture is commonly used in modern computers?
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Study Notes
Computer Architecture
- Von Neumann Architecture is a digital computer architecture that stores program data and instruction data in the same memory.
- It was designed by John Von Neumann in 1945 and is also known as sequential architecture, stored program concept architecture, or Princeton architecture.
- In Von Neumann Architecture, the same physical memory address is used for instructions and data, and there is a common bus for data and instruction transfer.
- It requires two clock cycles to execute a single instruction, and the CPU cannot access instructions and read/write at the same time.
Harvard Architecture
- Harvard Architecture is a digital computer architecture that uses separate storage and separate buses for instruction and data.
- It was developed to overcome the bottleneck of Von Neumann Architecture and is used in microcontrollers and signal processing.
- In Harvard Architecture, separate physical memory addresses are used for instructions and data, and separate buses are used for transferring data and instruction.
- It can execute an instruction in a single cycle, and the CPU can access instructions and read/write at the same time.
Comparison of Von Neumann and Harvard Architecture
- Von Neumann Architecture is older and cheaper, while Harvard Architecture is modern and more expensive.
- Von Neumann Architecture is used in modern computers (personal computers and small computers), while Harvard Architecture is used in microcontrollers and signal processing.
Operating System
- An Operating System (OS) is an interface between a computer and computer hardware that manages hardware resources and provides common services for computer programs.
- The goals of an Operating System include security, control over system performance, job accounting, error detecting aids, and coordination between other software and users.
- Examples of Operating Systems include eCOS, TinyOS, Symbian, MS-DOS, Windows, Unices, Pre-X MacOS, BeOS, RiscOS, and AmigOS.
Bootstrap Process
- The bootstrap process is the process of starting up a computer and initializing the Operating System (OS) during start-up.
- A bootstrap program is a smaller program that executes a larger program such as the OS.
Types of Operating System
- Batch Operating System: users do not interact with the computer directly, and jobs with similar needs are batched together and run as a group.
- Example: IBM’s OS360.
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Description
Understand the basics of Von Neumann and Harvard architectures in computer design. Learn how they store program data and instruction data in memory.