Computer Architecture Lecture 1

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which type of ROM is programmed during the manufacturing process?

  • Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM)
  • Mask Programmed ROM (correct)
  • Electrically Erasable PROM (EEPROM)
  • Programmable Read-Only Memory (PROM)

What is the primary purpose of Cache Memory in a computer system?

  • To hold the operating system
  • To provide faster access to frequently used data (correct)
  • To backup data in case of power loss
  • To store all data permanently

What component is NOT typically part of a binary adder?

  • Sum Output
  • Carry Bit
  • Control Unit (correct)
  • Input Ports

In a Carry Propagate Adder (CPA), what is the main function?

<p>To add two binary numbers and handle carry bits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM) require for data erasure?

<p>Ultra Violet exposure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes a Full Adder?

<p>It adds three binary digits together. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of using PROM compared to other types of ROM?

<p>Data cannot be erased or rewritten after programming. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common use case for binary subtraction in computer architecture?

<p>Data encoding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of a shifter in an unsigned divider?

<p>To manage the division process by shifting bits. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the IEEE 754 single precision representation, how many bits are allocated for the mantissa?

<p>23 bits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the bias value of 127 represent in the IEEE 754 floating-point standard?

<p>The value added to the exponent for normalization. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding fixed-point numbers?

<p>They have a fixed number of digits after the decimal point. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Most Significant Bit (MSB) in the mantissa of the IEEE 754 representation?

<p>It is implicitly assumed to be 1. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In unsigned division, what does the term 'restoring' refer to?

<p>Adding back the divisor to the result if the subtraction results negative. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between floating point and fixed point representations?

<p>Floating point can represent a broader range of values than fixed point. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the exponent represented in the IEEE 754 floating-point format?

<p>In a biased format with a constant added. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a synchronous counter in digital circuits?

<p>To control the timing of sequential circuits (A), To count in binary form using flip-flops (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a ring counter from other types of counters?

<p>It rotates a single '1' through a series of flip-flops (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of asynchronous (ripple) counters?

<p>They can introduce delays due to cascading effects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In digital memory systems, what does ROM primarily provide?

<p>Non-volatile storage for permanent data (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a 8 x 4 ROM in design?

<p>It contains 4 bits of data for each of the 8 addresses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a binary adder function in digital systems?

<p>It operates on bits to produce a sum and a carry (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of number representation do binary adders typically handle?

<p>Only integers in signed and unsigned formats (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component would you traditionally find in a design of a ripple counter?

<p>Flip-flops arranged in a linear fashion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Mask Programmed ROM

A type of ROM that is programmed during the manufacturing process. This means that the data stored in the ROM cannot be changed after it is manufactured.

Programmable Read-Only Memory (PROM)

A type of ROM that can be programmed once after it is manufactured. This is done by blowing out fuses on the chip, which permanently sets the data.

Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM)

A type of ROM that can be erased and reprogrammed multiple times. This is done by exposing the chip to ultraviolet light, which clears the data.

Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM)

A type of ROM that can be erased and reprogrammed multiple times using an electrical signal. This is a more convenient method than using ultraviolet light.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cache Memory

A type of memory that is used to store frequently accessed data. This helps to speed up program execution by reducing the time it takes to access data from main memory.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Memory Hierarchy

A hierarchical system of memory that is organized by speed and cost. The fastest and most expensive memory (cache) is at the top of the hierarchy, while the slowest and least expensive memory (main memory) is at the bottom.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Carry Propagate Adder (CPA)

A type of adder that uses a carry propagate logic to add two binary numbers. This type of adder is faster than a ripple carry adder.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Adding Two 4-Bits Numbers with Carry Propagate Adder (CPA)

A type of adder that is used to add two 4-bit binary numbers. It uses a carry propagate logic to generate the sum and carry bits.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ripple Counter

A type of counter where each flip-flop's output is connected to the clock input of the next flip-flop. The counter advances by one count for each clock pulse.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ring Counter

A counter that uses a ring of flip-flops, where the output of each flip-flop is connected to the input of the next flip-flop. The counter cycles through a sequence of states determined by the initial state of the flip-flops.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Controlled Ripple Counter

A counter with a control signal that determines the direction of counting. The counter can count up or down depending on the control signal.

Signup and view all the flashcards

ROM (Read Only Memory)

A type of memory that holds data permanently and is accessed by the processor to carry out each instruction. It is not writeable or volatile.

Signup and view all the flashcards

RAM (Random Access Memory)

A type of memory that can be written to and read from by the processor. It is volatile. The data in RAM is lost when the power supply is cut off.

Signup and view all the flashcards

State Diagram

A sequence of states that a counter goes through to count. It is a visual representation to explain the behavior of the counter.

Signup and view all the flashcards

State Table

A table that lists the current state and the inputs of the counter, along with the next state and the outputs of the counter.

Signup and view all the flashcards

K-Map (Karnaugh Map)

A visual representation of Boolean expressions that uses a grid to simplify the Boolean expression to its simplest form. They help in designing circuits.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Division

Division is a process that breaks down a number (dividend) into equal parts (divisor). The result is the quotient, and any remaining part is the remainder.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Unsigned Division

Unsigned division involves non-negative numbers. The algorithm repeatedly subtracts the divisor from the dividend until the dividend becomes smaller than the divisor. The count of subtractions represents the quotient, and the remaining dividend is the remainder.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Restoring Twos Complement Division

Restoring division is a method for unsigned division that uses twos complement. It involves subtracting the divisor from the dividend and restoring the dividend if the result is negative. The quotient is formed by shifting bits and observing the sign of the result.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Floating Point Numbers

Floating point numbers represent numbers with a fractional part, using a mantissa (fractional part) and an exponent. This allows for a wide range of numbers, including very small and very large ones.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fixed Point Numbers

Fixed point numbers represent numbers with a fixed position for the decimal point. They use a specific number of bits for the integer part and the fractional part.

Signup and view all the flashcards

IEEE 754 Floating-Point Representation

The IEEE 754 standard defines the representation of floating point numbers in computers. For single precision, it uses 32 bits, with a sign bit, an 8-bit exponent, and a 23-bit mantissa.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mantissa

The mantissa of a floating point number represents the fractional part. In the standard representation, the most significant bit of the mantissa is always 1, so it's not explicitly stored. Only the fractional bits are stored in the 23-bit field.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Biased Exponent

The exponent in floating point representation determines the magnitude or scale of the number. It's biased, meaning a value is added to the actual exponent to allow for representing both positive and negative exponents.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Computer Architecture 2024/2025

  • Course offered by Dr. Elmahdy Maree
  • Semester: 2024/2025
  • Lecture 1

Computer Architecture and Organization

  • Computer architecture refers to the visible attributes of a system to a programmer
  • Examples of architectural attributes include instruction sets, number of bits for data types, I/O mechanisms, and memory addressing techniques
  • Computer organization describes how the operational units in a system realize architectural specifications
  • Organizational attributes are hardware details transparent to the programmer, like control signals, interfaces with peripherals, and memory technology.

Digital Building Blocks

  • Registers: Memory units directly integrated into the CPU for data storage and manipulation during instruction execution. A register can hold instructions, addresses, or any data type.
  • Counters: Digital circuits that increment or decrement a value based on a clock signal or input sequences.
  • BUS system: Set of wires/networks that enable data transfer between components within a computer system
  • RAM (Random Access Memory): A type of computer memory used to store data that is readily accessible and modifiable.

Flip Flops

  • D Flip-flop: A digital circuit that stores one bit of data. Its output follows the input on the rising edge of the clock signal.
  • A D Flip-flops "characteristic table" and " Function table" are presented.
  • T Flip-flop: A digital circuit where its output toggles on the rising edge of the clock when the input T is 1 and doesn't change otherwise.
  • A T Flip-flop "characteristic table" and " Function table" are presented.
  • JK Flip-flop: A digital circuit; its output changes based on the inputs J and K determined by the truth table

Registers (Continued)

  • Buffer Registers: A type of register used to temporarily store data during the transfer between different units or systems
  • A diagram is given showing the symbol of buffer registers
  • Controlled Buffer Registers: A buffer register that requires a control signal (e.g., LOAD signal) to enable the data transfer. Diagrams demonstrate hardware implementation.
  • Three-State Registers: A digital circuit can operate in one of three states: high, low, or high-impedance (Hi-Z). A control signal is used to switch between states. The schematic symbol is presented

Shift Registers

  • Digital circuits that shift data bits positions to the left or right based on control signals.

Bus-Organized Computers

  • A bus is a set of interconnected wires that transmits binary data words

  • Diagrams demonstrate some examples

  • Diagrams illustrate the various computer components like PC, MAR, IR, MBR and their interconnect using the system bus, and I/O module, including buffers

Memory System

  • ROM (Read-Only Memory): Non-volatile memory used for storing permanent instructions or data which can only be read RAM (Random Access Memory): Data storage that can be read and written to. It is volatile, losing its contents when power is removed.
  • ROM Design: The schematic and table are provided for a ROM's design with 8x4
  • Different types of ROMs: Mask ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM.

Counters

  • Synchronous counters: Each flip-flop is triggered simultaneously by the clock signal
  • Asynchronous (Ripple) counters: Flip-flops are triggered sequentially
  • State diagrams, 4-state tables, T flip-flop inputs, diagrams of synchronous and asynchronous counters are provided

ALU Design

  • Adders: Combination circuits that perform bitwise addition. Key types shown are half adder, full adder and binary subtractor
  • Full adder diagrams are shown
  • BCD Adder: Addition of Binary Coded Decimal numbers
  • Binary Subtraction: Use 2's complement of the number to be subtracted to perform subtraction
  • Carry Propagate Adder (CPA): Adds multiple bits while propagating carries
  • Multiplication:
    • Unsigned and Signed Multiplication methodologies shown
    • Booth Algorithm for signed binary multiplication illustrated
    • Hardware implementation diagrams

Division

  • Unsigned Division, mathematical explanation and algorithms are provided

  • Diagrams illustrated

  • Steps in the division operation are shown

  • Hardware implementation example of unsigned multiplication and division are presented

  • Floating-point numbers definition, explanation and formats presented

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Computer Architecture Lecture Notes PDF

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser