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Questions and Answers
What is the 2’s complement representation of the decimal number -3 in binary using 8 bits?
What is the 2’s complement representation of the decimal number -3 in binary using 8 bits?
Which operation does an AND gate perform?
Which operation does an AND gate perform?
What is the largest positive integer that can be represented with 8 bits?
What is the largest positive integer that can be represented with 8 bits?
How is the NOT operation represented in logic?
How is the NOT operation represented in logic?
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What is the binary representation of the decimal number 14?
What is the binary representation of the decimal number 14?
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Which of the following statements describes a NAND gate?
Which of the following statements describes a NAND gate?
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What is the primary purpose of using 2’s complement?
What is the primary purpose of using 2’s complement?
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When using an OR gate, what condition must be met for the output to be on?
When using an OR gate, what condition must be met for the output to be on?
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What is the first step in the instruction cycle?
What is the first step in the instruction cycle?
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Which type of instruction is 'JMP END' classified as?
Which type of instruction is 'JMP END' classified as?
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In the given example, what does the instruction 'ADD R16, R17' accomplish?
In the given example, what does the instruction 'ADD R16, R17' accomplish?
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What is one of the key properties of microcontrollers?
What is one of the key properties of microcontrollers?
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Which instruction type is 'MOV R18, R16' classified as?
Which instruction type is 'MOV R18, R16' classified as?
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What distinguishes a latch from a flip flop in digital circuits?
What distinguishes a latch from a flip flop in digital circuits?
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Which equation represents the relationship of the new state in a sequential circuit?
Which equation represents the relationship of the new state in a sequential circuit?
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How is feedback utilized in a sequential circuit?
How is feedback utilized in a sequential circuit?
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In the context of RS-Latches, what is the output when both inputs are high?
In the context of RS-Latches, what is the output when both inputs are high?
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What characterizes the operation of a flip flop?
What characterizes the operation of a flip flop?
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What is the primary advantage of using CISC architecture in microcontrollers?
What is the primary advantage of using CISC architecture in microcontrollers?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of RISC architecture?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of RISC architecture?
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In the comparison of instruction sets, what does CISC stand for?
In the comparison of instruction sets, what does CISC stand for?
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What type of memory does the ATMega32 contain for program storage?
What type of memory does the ATMega32 contain for program storage?
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How does RISC architecture typically enhance performance for the processor?
How does RISC architecture typically enhance performance for the processor?
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Which type of memory does the ATMega32 provide as scratchpad space?
Which type of memory does the ATMega32 provide as scratchpad space?
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What is a major drawback of CISC architecture?
What is a major drawback of CISC architecture?
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Which statement best describes the way RISC handles instructions?
Which statement best describes the way RISC handles instructions?
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What is the value of the function F when A=0, B=0, and C=1 in a 3-variable K-map?
What is the value of the function F when A=0, B=0, and C=1 in a 3-variable K-map?
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In a 4-variable K-map, what output does the function F have when A=1, B=0, C=0, D=1?
In a 4-variable K-map, what output does the function F have when A=1, B=0, C=0, D=1?
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Which of the following combinations results in an output of F=1 in a 4-variable K-map?
Which of the following combinations results in an output of F=1 in a 4-variable K-map?
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For the 3-variable K-map, what does F equal when A=0, B=1, C=1?
For the 3-variable K-map, what does F equal when A=0, B=1, C=1?
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In a 4-variable K-map, which cell corresponds to the minterm A=1, B=1, C=0, D=0?
In a 4-variable K-map, which cell corresponds to the minterm A=1, B=1, C=0, D=0?
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Identify the minterm that yields an output of F=0 when A=0, B=1, C=0, D=1.
Identify the minterm that yields an output of F=0 when A=0, B=1, C=0, D=1.
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What is the output for F when A=1, B=1, C=1, D=0 in the 4-variable K-map?
What is the output for F when A=1, B=1, C=1, D=0 in the 4-variable K-map?
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Which output corresponds to F=1 in a 4-variable K-map for A=1, B=0, C=0, D=0?
Which output corresponds to F=1 in a 4-variable K-map for A=1, B=0, C=0, D=0?
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Study Notes
2’s complement
- The 2’s complement method is used to represent negative numbers in binary.
- To find the 2’s complement of a binary number, the following steps should be taken:
- Invert each bit (0 becomes 1 and 1 becomes 0)
- Add 1 to the result.
The Instruction Cycle
- The instruction cycle is a series of steps a CPU takes to execute an instruction.
- These steps are:
- Fetch: The CPU retrieves the instruction from memory.
- Decode: The CPU interprets the instruction and figures out what needs to be done.
- Fetch operands: The CPU retrieves any data needed to execute the instruction (like the value in a register).
- Execute: The CPU performs the operation specified by the instruction.
- Store results: The CPU saves the result of the operation.
- Increment Program Counter: The CPU moves to the next instruction, and updates the Program Counter to the next location in memory.
Comparing CISC and RISC
-
CISC: Complex Instruction Set Computer
- Designed to execute complex instructions in single steps.
- Can execute multiple instructions within one instruction.
- Larger instruction set, but with fewer addressing modes.
- Can take multiple machine cycles to execute one instruction.
- RISC: Reduced Instruction Set Computer
- Designed to execute simple instructions in single steps.
- Executes instructions one at a time.
- Smaller instruction set but with more addressing modes.
- Execution of instructions takes only one machine cycle.
K-maps
- K-maps are a visual tool used to simplify boolean expressions.
- They help visualize the relationship between variables and the output.
- They are used in digital logic design to simplify expressions and find optimal circuit configurations.
Sequential Logic
- Sequential Logic involves circuits with memory.
- The output of a sequential circuit at any moment is dependent on its current input and its previous state.
- The memory used to store the previous state is typically implemented with feedback loops.
Latches & Flip-Flops
- Latches and flip-flops are fundamental components of sequential logic circuits.
- Latches: Level-triggered devices, meaning their output changes as soon as their inputs change.
- Flip-Flops: Edge-triggered devices - their output changes when a clock signal transitions from high to low or low to high.
RS-Latch
- The RS-Latch is a simple latch that uses two inputs: R (Reset) and S (Set).
- Its behavior depends on the input combinations:
- R=S=0: The latch holds its current state.
- **S=1, R=0: ** The latch outputs a high (set) value.
- **R=1, S=0: ** The latch outputs a low (reset) value.
- **R=S=1: ** The latch is in an undefined state.
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Description
This quiz covers essential concepts in computer architecture, including the 2’s complement method for negative number representation, the instruction cycle of a CPU, and the comparison between CISC and RISC architectures. Test your knowledge of these foundational topics in computing!
