Computer Architecture Fundamentals
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Computer Architecture Fundamentals

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Questions and Answers

What is the 2’s complement representation of the decimal number -3 in binary using 8 bits?

  • 1111 1101
  • 1111 1100 (correct)
  • 1111 1101
  • 1101 1101

    • Which operation does an AND gate perform?

  • Output is on when both switches are off
  • Output is always on irrespective of switch states
  • Output is on when at least one switch is on
  • Output is on when both switches are on (correct)

    • What is the largest positive integer that can be represented with 8 bits?

  • 128
  • 14
  • 255
  • 127 (correct)

    • How is the NOT operation represented in logic?

    <p>Switch on → lamp off</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the binary representation of the decimal number 14?

    <p>11110</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements describes a NAND gate?

    <p>Output is off when both switches are pressed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using 2’s complement?

    <p>To simplify the addition of signed numbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When using an OR gate, what condition must be met for the output to be on?

    <p>At least one switch must be on</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the instruction cycle?

    <p>Fetch the instruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of instruction is 'JMP END' classified as?

    <p>Jump instruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the given example, what does the instruction 'ADD R16, R17' accomplish?

    <p>It adds the values in R16 and R17, storing the result in R16.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key properties of microcontrollers?

    <p>They typically incorporate core components like CPU and memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which instruction type is 'MOV R18, R16' classified as?

    <p>Transfer instruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a latch from a flip flop in digital circuits?

    <p>A latch can change its output as soon as inputs change, while a flip flop changes on a control signal edge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which equation represents the relationship of the new state in a sequential circuit?

    <p>Ynew = f(X, Yold)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is feedback utilized in a sequential circuit?

    <p>To maintain the previous state through memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of RS-Latches, what is the output when both inputs are high?

    <p>0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the operation of a flip flop?

    <p>State changes occur on the edges of the control signal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using CISC architecture in microcontrollers?

    <p>It requires a smaller program size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of RISC architecture?

    <p>It executes complex commands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the comparison of instruction sets, what does CISC stand for?

    <p>Complex Instruction Set Computer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of memory does the ATMega32 contain for program storage?

    <p>Flash memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does RISC architecture typically enhance performance for the processor?

    <p>By minimizing the instruction set.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory does the ATMega32 provide as scratchpad space?

    <p>Internal SRAM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major drawback of CISC architecture?

    <p>It requires more cycles to execute multiple instructions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the way RISC handles instructions?

    <p>It executes each instruction in a single cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the value of the function F when A=0, B=0, and C=1 in a 3-variable K-map?

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a 4-variable K-map, what output does the function F have when A=1, B=0, C=0, D=1?

    <p>0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following combinations results in an output of F=1 in a 4-variable K-map?

    <p>A=0, B=1, C=1, D=0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For the 3-variable K-map, what does F equal when A=0, B=1, C=1?

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a 4-variable K-map, which cell corresponds to the minterm A=1, B=1, C=0, D=0?

    <p>14</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the minterm that yields an output of F=0 when A=0, B=1, C=0, D=1.

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the output for F when A=1, B=1, C=1, D=0 in the 4-variable K-map?

    <p>0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which output corresponds to F=1 in a 4-variable K-map for A=1, B=0, C=0, D=0?

    <p>0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    2’s complement

    • The 2’s complement method is used to represent negative numbers in binary.
    • To find the 2’s complement of a binary number, the following steps should be taken:
      • Invert each bit (0 becomes 1 and 1 becomes 0)
      • Add 1 to the result.

    The Instruction Cycle

    • The instruction cycle is a series of steps a CPU takes to execute an instruction.
    • These steps are:
      • Fetch: The CPU retrieves the instruction from memory.
      • Decode: The CPU interprets the instruction and figures out what needs to be done.
      • Fetch operands: The CPU retrieves any data needed to execute the instruction (like the value in a register).
      • Execute: The CPU performs the operation specified by the instruction.
      • Store results: The CPU saves the result of the operation.
      • Increment Program Counter: The CPU moves to the next instruction, and updates the Program Counter to the next location in memory.

    Comparing CISC and RISC

    • CISC: Complex Instruction Set Computer
      • Designed to execute complex instructions in single steps.
      • Can execute multiple instructions within one instruction.
      • Larger instruction set, but with fewer addressing modes.
      • Can take multiple machine cycles to execute one instruction.
    • RISC: Reduced Instruction Set Computer
    • Designed to execute simple instructions in single steps.
    • Executes instructions one at a time.
    • Smaller instruction set but with more addressing modes.
    • Execution of instructions takes only one machine cycle.

    K-maps

    • K-maps are a visual tool used to simplify boolean expressions.
    • They help visualize the relationship between variables and the output.
    • They are used in digital logic design to simplify expressions and find optimal circuit configurations.

    Sequential Logic

    • Sequential Logic involves circuits with memory.
    • The output of a sequential circuit at any moment is dependent on its current input and its previous state.
    • The memory used to store the previous state is typically implemented with feedback loops.

    Latches & Flip-Flops

    • Latches and flip-flops are fundamental components of sequential logic circuits.
    • Latches: Level-triggered devices, meaning their output changes as soon as their inputs change.
    • Flip-Flops: Edge-triggered devices - their output changes when a clock signal transitions from high to low or low to high.

    RS-Latch

    • The RS-Latch is a simple latch that uses two inputs: R (Reset) and S (Set).
    • Its behavior depends on the input combinations:
      • R=S=0: The latch holds its current state.
      • **S=1, R=0: ** The latch outputs a high (set) value.
      • **R=1, S=0: ** The latch outputs a low (reset) value.
      • **R=S=1: ** The latch is in an undefined state.

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    Description

    This quiz covers essential concepts in computer architecture, including the 2’s complement method for negative number representation, the instruction cycle of a CPU, and the comparison between CISC and RISC architectures. Test your knowledge of these foundational topics in computing!

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