Computer Applications & Fundamentals

Programs Offered at Amity University

• Amity University offers a range of postgraduate (PG), diploma, and undergraduate (UG) programs.

Postgraduate Programs (PG)

• Master of Business Administration
• Master of Computer Applications
• Master of Commerce (Financial Management / Financial Technology)
• Master of Arts (Journalism and Mass Communication)
• Master of Arts (Economics)
• Master of Arts (Public Policy and Governance)
• Master of Social Work
• Master of Arts (English)
• Master of Science (Information Technology) (ODL)
• Master of Science (Environmental Science) (ODL)

Diploma Programs

• Post Graduate Diploma (Management)
• Post Graduate Diploma (Logistics)
• Post Graduate Diploma (Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence)
• Post Graduate Diploma (Data Science)

Undergraduate Programs (UG)

• Bachelor of Business Administration
• Bachelor of Computer Applications
• Bachelor of Commerce
• Bachelor of Arts (Journalism and Mass Communication)
• Bachelor of Arts (General / Political Science / Economics / English / Sociology)
• Bachelor of Social Work
• Bachelor of Science (Information Technology) (ODL)

Introduction to Computers (Module-I)

• Computers have become indispensable in daily life for various functions, including storage, transmission, and data processing

Fundamentals of Systems

• The term "computer" originates from "compute," which means to calculate.
• A computer is an electronic device that receives data, processes it, and produces the desired outpu
• Computers execute both simple and complex tasks with speed and precision.
• Key characteristics of a computer include speed, accuracy, diligence, storage capability, and versatility

Analogue and digital considerations

• Digital computers use distinct values (0s and 1s) to represent data, and are common in homes and offices.
• Analogue computers represent data across a continuous range of values and are used for real-time measurement.
• Analogue computers are less precise than digital ones; a slide rule is an example.

History and evolution

• The ABACUS was the initial mechanical calculating device designed for counting large numbers.
• In 1617, John Napier created a mechanical device specifically for multiplication known as Napier’s Bones.
• In the 16th century, Edmund Gunter developed the Slide Rule for operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
• In the late 1600s, Blaise Pascal built the Pascal’s Adding and Subtraction Machine using wheels, gears, and cylinders.
• In 1673, Gottfried Leibniz constructed a mechanical device capable of multiplication and division.
• In 1801, Jacquard invented the Punch Card System to control power looms, laying the foundation for the binary system.
• In 1823, Charles Babbage created a mechanical machine for complex calculations
• Babbage and Ada Lovelace developed the analytical engine
• Herman Hollerith invented the Punched Card Tabulating Machine for electronic information processing

Generations of Computers

• The five computer generations are identified by the technologies used in their development.

1st Generation: 1940s and Early 1950s

• Computers relied on vacuum tube technology for circuitry flow
• Large in size with high power consumption.
• Vacuum tubes regulated the electricity flow in computer circuits.
• Performed switching and amplification duties.
• Had limited programmability being unique purpose
• UNIVAC I and ENIAC were pioneering machines of this generation.
• Had a small memory so typically used delay line memory or magnetic drums
• Used punch cards for input and output
• Played a significant role in business data processing, military applications, and scientific research

2nd Generation: Late 1950s to 1960s

• Replaced vacuum tubes with transistors, leading to smaller sizes and lower energy consumption
• Assembly language with mnemonic codes for programming
• Used magnetic drum memory was superseded by magnetic core memory.
• High-Level Programming languages like Fortran and COBOL programming
• Introduced batch processing, for grouping jobs without human involvement

3rd Generation: 1960s and 1970s

• Utilized integrated circuits (ICs), integrating transistors, resistors, and capacitors on a single chip.
• Allowed to significantly reduced in computer size and increased efficiency.
• Introduced time-sharing and multiprogramming, enabling simultaneous user interaction.
• Popularized high-level languages like BASIC, FORTRAN, and COBOL.
• Mainframe computers capable of high data loads and multiple users
• Developed networking technologies like ARPANET.

4th Generation: 1970s and 1980s

• Used microprocessor chips with an entire CPU on a single silicon chip, leading to low-cost computers.
• Developed semiconductor very affordable and small memory
• Cutting-edge input-output devices like optical readers, audio response terminals, and graphics display terminals.
• These made microcomputers much more portable, less expensive, faster, and more dependable.
• Examples include the DEC-10, STAR-1000, PDP11, and Apple Series Personal Computers.

5th Generation: 1980s to Present

• Based around the concept of "Artificial Intelligence" and referred to as "Knowledge Processors."
• Includes automated programming, computational thinking, pattern recognition, and robotics.
• Aims for computers to provide more intuitive solutions, enhanced intelligence, and human-like interaction.

Classification of Computers

Operating Principles

• Analog, which use continuous electrical signals
• Digital, which processes data in digital form
• Hybrid, which combines analog and digital technologies

Applications

• General-purpose computers work in all environments
• Special purpose computers perform specific tasks

Size and Capability

• Microcomputers are small, cheap, and for individual use
• Minicomputers can handle more data than microcomputers
• Mainframe computers are for large organizations
• Supercomputers are fast and perform complex operations

Microcomputers

• Microprocessors incorporate CPU functions
• Memory stores data and instructions
• Peripheral devices are input and output components
• System bus connects components

Desktop Computer

• Known as PC
• Used by an individual where a single system is located
• Has system unites, hard disk storage, peripheral devices, keyboard mouse and monitor
• Examples are Dell, HP, IBM and Apple

Laptop Computer

• A small-size computer incorporating all of components of a desktop computer
• Also known as a notebook, notepad, or mobile computer
• Examples include Sony, Acer, Apple, and Panasonic
• Uses a chargeable battery

Hand-held Computer

• Also known as Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), converged device, palmtop or mobile debice.
• Also comes with an electronic stylus or pen for smaller screen display
• Examples are Casio Cassiopeia, Apple Newton, and Franklin eBookMian

Mini Computers

• They can handle more data and more input and output than microcomputers.
• They are more powerful than microcomputers and less powerful than mainframe computers.
• Examples include VAX7500, PDP 11, and IBM and designed for small and medium-sizes businesses

Mainframe Computers

• Used by large organizations for applications like financial transaction processing and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
• Features are RAM capacity between 128 MB and 8GB and more than 16 microprocessors.
• Examples are Hitachi, IBM, and Amdahl
• Known as database servers or super servers

Supercomputers

• Have CPU and memory as major components and perform complex operations quickly
• Use pipelining and parallelism to optimize
• Examples include CRAY 3, Cyber 205, NEC SX-3 and PARAM from India
• Are found in such applications as weather forecasting and fluis mechanics

Computer applications

• Education, entertainment, sports, medicine, science, government, home etc.
• Computers are used in almost every organization

Capabilities

• Computer's capabilities include high speed, accuracy, diligence, versatility, and huge storage

Limitations

• Computers take instructions and lack to make own-decisions

Computer System

• Computer system is Hardware, Software, Data and Users

Hardware

• Hardware consists of electronics parts which are keyboard mouse memory CPU and printer etc

Software

• Software is divided in application and system software like OS etc

Data

• Computer can accept in either readable form or digital format by Bits and Bytes

Introduction to Number Systems (Module-II)

• This section covers numeric, alphabetic, and alphanumeric data
• All data is encoded in binary Translations and conversions from digital formats

Number system

• Decimal which has base 10, 0-9
• Binary has base 2, 0,1
• Ocatl has base 8, with digit 0-7
• Hexadecimal system base 16 with combination of digits 0-9 and letters A-F

Conversion of Number System

• The integer from base 10 is by dividion
• While fractional is vice versa
• For Binary to Hexadecimal it needs four place
• After all the base, digits, the smallest digit, etc are summarized

One’s and Two’s Complements

• "Is when you are toggling or swapping of all the Zero to 1s and otherwise from binary numbers
• Then in twos if negative number must have in power on two then it's done well

Boolean Algebra and Laws

• Boolean Algebra for digital systems for transmission
• It may apply like logic gates and or etc.
• With help of this different theorems and laws can be implemented

Introduction to IT (Module-III)

What encompasses Information Technology

• "Every thing from storing and spreading data and many of telecommunication
• Information Technology (IT) relates computer science and data
• Has key aspects for handling data also information which requires security too."

Applications of IT

• IT may involve in almost everything from transport, business, ecomony etc

Data processing

• Is a essential and is done by structured and unstructured patterns

Different types of computers

• Such as mini , macro & other connected networking
• It required data to connect memory or computer. as well as information between system

Introduction to Operating System (Module - IV)

• Without Operating system the hardware is non operational. because user interacts with OS

What functions requires OS

• Like I/O , multi users ,and what about time taken for running

Benefits

• OS saves time , its protect file, data, and many software

Basic information

• System is CPU memory and files which creates processes

Types of Operating Systems

• Multiprogramming has the benefit on which the several programme requires CPU time
• Multitasking the same while running processes

Architecture and layered forms

• Its is easy between software/hardware and the CPU
• Multiprogramming with the benefits of fast
• OS creates time to save data well and there have good type of programming

Introduction to Programming Concepts (Module -V)

Computer needs instruction to work

• All instruction are called software and the program is very much like that of a student
• To calculate every things that a student needs to pass an exam

Important key things in this context are

• The use of correct type memory for different situations
• How is the algorithm written to a computer
• Is important that high languages come to help make and create a correct type of programming

It needs two parties to learn the correct steps

• Such like vocabulary and others things as correct. The program works in some rules which has
• To be correct with some points which helps
• The syntax and other important for easy coding
• For create output/ input every things should be correct
• In steps all correct

Test your knowledge of computer applications across various sectors like science, governance, and law enforcement. Also, explore the core functions of operating systems, the role of the ALU, and different number systems used in computing.