Computer Abstractions and Technology Overview

<p>To simplify the complexity of design and programming. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By executing multiple instructions at the same time on different CPUs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The control unit. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Encoded instructions and data in binary form. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To act as a buffer between a fast processing unit and slow storage layer. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facilitates communication between the CPU, memory, and other internal components. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By message passing or data exchange over a network or bus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Components are highly dependent on each other for operations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peripheral Bus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multiple servers handle different tasks and communicate over a network. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Processors or components use the same memory space to communicate quickly. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loosely-Coupled (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Connecting multiple boards with processors and memory in high-performance systems. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To facilitate data transfer between components (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using a shared communication bus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Each processor has a dedicated path to every memory unit. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When two or more devices attempt to use the bus simultaneously (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Associated with each individual processor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To act as a temporary buffer for frequently used data and instructions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It's called a cache hit, and the data is used directly from the cache (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Crossbar connected system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The algorithm determines the number of operations, while the machine instructions define how these operations are performed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Designing systems to take advantage of increasing transistor density. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compilers translate high-level language code into machine code, and the operating system manages system functions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are typically battery-operated with internet connectivity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Server computers are primarily network-based and emphasize capacity, performance, and reliability, while personal computers often trade off some performance for cost. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A model using warehouse-scale computers providing services over the internet. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They define fundamentally different set of commands, impacting how operations like addition and memory access are executed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A controller within a car engine, hidden from the user. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Optimizing for the parts of the program that are executed the most often. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Supercomputers are distinguished by their high end capabilities for scientific and engineering calculations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The data is retrieved from main memory and a copy is stored in the cache. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It requires N*N switches to fully connect N processors and N memory modules. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>16 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0 to 7 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their address differs in 1 bit. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To enable simultaneous connections between multiple input-output pairs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It routes data closer to its destination. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Data is routed through intermediate processors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two source and one destination operand (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smaller is faster (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To always hold the value of zero (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ten (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$v0 and $v1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$gp (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Instructions should have a consistent format. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prioritize the performance of the most frequently used operations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A collection of binary digits (bits) representing instructions and data.

A layer that defines how programs interact with the operating system and other software components.

A component inside the processor that performs operations on data, like arithmetic or logic.

A component inside the processor that controls the sequence of operations performed by the datapath, memory, and other components.

Small, fast memory (SRAM) that provides immediate access to frequently used data.

A computer system with only one CPU.

A computer system with two or more CPUs (cores) working together to execute tasks.

A concept that simplifies the complexity of microprocessor design and programming by hiding details from the user.

Data is sent at the correct time and in the correct sequence.

Multiple components share the same memory space, making communication faster.

Components rely heavily on each other for operation.

A single controller or operating system manages the system's components.

A common bus connects the CPU, memory, and other components.

Connects external devices like printers and storage devices to the system.

Components operate independently, communicating over a network or bus.

Connects multiple boards with processors and memory for modular communication.

A set of instructions that a computer follows to perform a specific task.

It refers to the exponential growth in the number of transistors that can be placed on an integrated circuit (IC). This means that computers become faster, smaller, and more efficient over time.

A set of instructions that a program uses to interact with the computer hardware, such as the processor and memory.

A computer that is specifically designed for a particular task, often embedded within a larger system.

A computer that is powerful enough to support multiple users and applications simultaneously.

A computer that is designed to perform complex calculations and simulations, often used for scientific research.

A collection of physical computing resources (servers, storage, network) that are made available over the internet as a service.

A type of cloud computing that offers access to software applications over the internet, such as email, word processing, and spreadsheets.

A low-level programming language that uses symbolic instructions to represent machine instructions. It's closer to the computer's native language.

A set of instructions that define the operations a processor can perform, including arithmetic, memory access, and data manipulation.

A communication pathway that allows different components within a computer to exchange data.

A way to connect multiple processors and memory units in a multiprocessor system using a shared communication bus.

A grid structure of processor and memory modules where each processor has its own dedicated path to access memory, avoiding conflicts.

A small, fast memory that stores frequently used data and instructions to speed up access.

A type of memory management where each processor has its own cache, storing copies of frequently used data.

When two or more devices attempt to use the same bus at the same time, leading to a delay or error.

A high-speed network that connects multiple processors and memory units in a multiprocessor system, allowing efficient communication between them.

A type of cache memory located closest to the processor. It's typically very small, but extremely fast. L1 cache is used to store the most frequently accessed data.

A type of cache memory located between L1 cache and main memory. It's larger than L1 cache, but slightly slower. L2 cache is used to store less frequently accessed data than L1.

A type of cache memory located between L2 cache and main memory. It's the largest and slowest cache. L3 cache is shared by multiple cores and stores data that's less frequently accessed than L1 or L2.

A type of multiprocessor system where processors are arranged in a cube-like structure, with each processor connected to its neighbors. Data is routed through intermediary processors if direct communication is not possible.

A type of multiprocessor system that uses multiple layers of switches to connect processors and memory units. Each layer routes data closer to its destination, allowing simultaneous connections between multiple input-output pairs.

A specialized register that always holds the value 0, regardless of any operations performed.

Registers designed for storing temporary values, often used in calculations and computations.

MIPS architecture includes registers reserved for holding frequently accessed values, ensuring faster access to these values.

A register responsible for providing access to global data, serving as a pointer for data shared across the entire program.

Instructions that manipulate data by performing fundamental mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

It emphasizes keeping instructions and data representations simple for straightforward and efficient execution.

It focuses on making frequently used operations quick, enhancing the overall system performance.

Registers, although they require less storage space than memory, offer faster data access, making them advantageous for frequent data manipulation.