Compression and Virtualization Basics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of lossless graphic compression?

  • To compress graphical data without sacrificing visual quality (correct)
  • To reduce file size while degrading quality
  • To convert sound into digital format
  • To increase the resolution of images

    • Lossy audio compression maintains all original audio data.

    False

    What are the two types of audio compression?

    Lossy Audio Compression and Lossless Audio Compression

    In video data compression, _______ video compression reduces the resolution of the video.

    <p>Lossy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following compression types with their characteristics:

    <p>Lossy Audio Compression = Removes audio information Lossless Audio Compression = No loss of audio quality Lossy Video Compression = Decreases video resolution Lossless Video Compression = No loss of visual quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common codec for lossless video compression?

    <p>Lagarith</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Virtualisation allows a single physical server to run multiple applications simultaneously.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two uses of virtualisation?

    <p>Run multiple servers on one hardware and run applications from a virtualised server.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using a Content Delivery Network (CDN)?

    <p>Improved performance by caching content globally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stored data in a CDN is only available on a single server.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does RAID stand for?

    <p>Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bitmapped graphics use a grid of individual ______ to represent images.

    <p>pixels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following storage methods with their definitions:

    <p>NAS = Network Attached Storage allowing file access over a network SAN = Storage Area Network providing access to consolidated block storage Cloud storage = Storing data on a remote server accessible via the internet Hosted storage = Data storage managed by a third-party service provider</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes lossy graphic compression?

    <p>It removes some clarity by merging similar colors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of virtual storage?

    <p>Reduced downtime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monitoring data usage is unnecessary for efficient data management.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A hosted instance refers to a physical server located on a company's premises.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of virtualization in cloud computing?

    <p>Creating virtual versions of physical devices or resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary disadvantage of virtual storage?

    <p>Complexity and initial costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cloud storage helps organizations save on ________ by reducing the need for physical hardware.

    <p>infrastructure costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following storage solutions with their descriptions:

    <p>Virtual Storage = Combination of physical storage from multiple devices Hosted Instance = Virtual machine on cloud infrastructure SaaS = Software offered on demand over the internet Clustering = Set of computers working together as a single system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of cloud storage in terms of scalability?

    <p>On-demand resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cluster computing enhances individual processing power by distributing workloads across a network of computers.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a hosted solution?

    <p>Office 365</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one advantage of vector graphics?

    <p>They can be easily scaled without loss of quality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The formula for calculating data storage for sound is Storage per Second * Frames per Second.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What formula is used to calculate the size of a file for an uncompressed movie?

    <p>Space Per Frame x Frame Rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To convert from Bytes to Kilobytes, you need to divide the answer by _____

    <p>1024</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the data storage method with its corresponding formula:

    <p>Characters = Number of Characters x 8 Sound = Sample Rate x Sample Resolution x Length Graphics = Rows x Columns x Bits Per Pixel Video = Space Per Frame x Frame Rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If an uncompressed movie file format uses 2 megabytes per frame and is recorded at 30fps for 30 seconds, what is the total storage in megabytes before division?

    <p>60 MB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An 8-bit image with 64 rows and 64 columns at 3 Bits per Pixel can be directly measured in kilobytes without conversion.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calculate the size of a file in Kilobytes for an 8-bit image with 64 rows, 64 columns, and 3 Bits per Pixel.

    <p>6 KB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key benefit of using cloud storage for business continuity?

    <p>Automated backup and disaster recovery services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blockchain technology relies heavily on a central point of failure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for the method of storage that allows data to be stored in a manner that cannot be altered or deleted?

    <p>immutability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cloud providers handle software updates, security patches, and maintenance tasks, which reduces the burden on _____ teams.

    <p>IT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cloud storage benefits with their descriptions:

    <p>Business Continuity = Ensures data protection and recovery options Collaboration = Enables real-time teamwork from different locations Updates and Maintenance = Reduces burden on IT teams Cost Saving = Decreases expenses related to infrastructure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms refers to the protocol used to bring agreement among nodes in a blockchain network?

    <p>Consensus mechanics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blockchain technology is only suitable for cryptocurrencies.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one method by which blockchain provides better privacy and security.

    <p>Creation of private and permissioned blockchain networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much storage is needed for recording the gameplay of a video game running at 60 fps for 20 minutes, if each frame requires 3 MB?

    <p>2.88 TB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A Content Delivery Network (CDN) helps to reduce latency and improve the speed of content delivery.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total storage size for an audio recording made at 8KHz sample rate and 16 bits resolution for 2 hours?

    <p>960 MB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A word document with 4000 characters has a storage size of _____ Kilobytes.

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total storage size of a video recorded at 60 fps, lasting 120 seconds, with 5 MB storage per frame and an additional 20 MB for sound and metadata?

    <p>1.0 GB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Without a CDN, a user experiences faster loading times because their request is directed to multiple servers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to Content Delivery Networks with their descriptions:

    <p>Points of Presence (PoP) = Geographically strategic server locations Content Caching = Facilitates downloading or streaming of content Latency = Delay in data transmission User Experience = Quality of interaction with the service</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a CDN allocate resources efficiently?

    <p>By monitoring data usage and serving content from geographically closer servers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum value that can be represented by one byte?

    <p>255</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Raster-based images can scale up without loss of quality.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many bits are there in one kilobyte?

    <p>8192</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In digital representation of sound, quality is primarily affected by the ________ and sample frequency.

    <p>sample rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following units with their values:

    <p>Byte = 8 Bits Terabyte = 1024 GB Gigabyte = 1024 MB Kilobyte = 1024 B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about bits per pixel?

    <p>1 bpp can represent 2 colors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The size of an audio file is determined solely by its duration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A ________ is made up of tiny parts known as pixels.

    <p>bitmap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one primary advantage of using a Content Delivery Network (CDN)?

    <p>Improved performance by reducing time to send/retrieve data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    With a CDN, website content is stored on multiple servers around the world.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does RAID stand for in data storage?

    <p>Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each storage solution with its application:

    <p>NAS = Allows centralized file storage accessible over a network SAN = Provides block-level storage for high-performance applications Cloud storage = Offers scalable storage options with remote access Hosted storage = Maintains data on servers managed by a third party</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cloud storage eliminates the need for physical hardware entirely.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does monitoring data usage and size play in data management?

    <p>It helps to optimize resources and prevent storage overruns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total storage size needed to record the gameplay of a video game running at 60 fps for 20 minutes, if each frame requires 3 MB?

    <p>2.4 TB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A Content Delivery Network (CDN) requires content to be stored on a single server for faster delivery.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calculate the storage size for an audio recording made at a sample rate of 8 kHz and 16 bits for a duration of 2 hours.

    <p>960 MB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which codec is commonly used for lossless video compression?

    <p>Lagarith</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lossy audio compression retains all original audio information.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the elements of a video file with their storage requirements:

    <p>Uncompressed frame storage = 5 MB Sound and metadata = 20 MB Total length of video = 120 seconds Frame rate = 60 fps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using a Content Delivery Network?

    <p>Reduced latency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lossless graphic compression?

    <p>To compress graphical data without sacrificing any visual quality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In virtualisation, one piece of hardware can act like ______ pieces.

    <p>multiple</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monitoring data usage is essential for CDNs to ensure efficient resource allocation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of audio compression with their characteristics:

    <p>Lossy Audio Compression = Removes some audio information Lossless Audio Compression = No audio quality sacrifice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common application of virtualisation?

    <p>Running multiple servers on one piece of hardware</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lossy video compression does not affect the visual quality.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one codec that is used for lossy video compression.

    <p>H.264 or H.265</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a benefit of using cloud storage?

    <p>Automated backup and disaster recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blockchain technology is primarily used for improving data privacy and security.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What protocol is used in blockchain to ensure agreement among nodes?

    <p>Consensus mechanics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cloud providers handle software updates, security patches, and maintenance tasks, reducing the burden on _____ teams.

    <p>IT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following blockchain terminologies with their definitions:

    <p>Immutability = Data cannot be altered or deleted Transparency = An auditable record of all transactions Interoperability = Ability to interact with other blockchain networks Decentralisation = No single point of failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following applications allows for real-time collaboration in cloud storage?

    <p>Google Docs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Data stored on a blockchain can be easily altered after it is recorded.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one advantage of using blockchain over traditional databases.

    <p>Decentralisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one advantage of using virtual storage?

    <p>Ease of backup and data recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key disadvantage of virtual storage?

    <p>Complexity requiring specialized skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cloud storage allows access to computer resources over the __________.

    <p>internet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of storage solutions with their descriptions:

    <p>Virtual Storage = Combination of storage from multiple devices appearing as one Hosted Instance = Virtual machine hosted on cloud infrastructure Cloud Storage = Accessing resources via the internet Clustering = Multiple computers working as one system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a benefit of cloud storage in terms of cost?

    <p>Economies of scale in infrastructure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Scalability in cloud storage means the need for fixed resources, irrespective of demand.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of application is an example of a hosted solution?

    <p>Software as a Service (SaaS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Contemporary Data Practices - Storing Data

    • Data is stored as binary digits (bits) with two possible states: 1 and 0.

    • A byte is composed of 8 bits.

    • The ASCII table maps characters to numerical values (0-255) represented by 8-bit patterns.

    • Units of storage: Bytes, Kilobytes (KB), Megabytes (MB), Gigabytes (GB), Terabytes (TB), Petabytes (PB), Exabytes (EB), Zettabytes (ZB), Yottabytes (YB), Brontobytes (BB)

    • Each unit is 1024 times larger than the previous.

    • A bit is the smallest unit of binary data.

    • The higher the sample rate and sample frequency when recording sound, the larger the resultant sample.

    • Graphic data can be in raster (pixel-based) or vector (mathematical) format.

    • Raster images are composed of pixels, each assigned a colour value (represented by bits).

    • Bits per pixel (bpp) determines the maximum number of colours the pixel can display.

    • Vector images use mathematical expressions (points, lines, curves) to define objects, thus preserving quality during scaling.

    • Typically, operating systems calculate file size automatically.

    • Data storage calculations may need manual calculation or checking space is sufficient.

      • To determine character storage, multiply the number of characters by 8. Then divide by 1024 to get the Kilobytes. Repeat this action as needed.
      • For audio storage, multiply the sample rate by the sample resolution by the file length to determine calculation in Bytes, Then divide by 1024 to get the Kilobytes. Repeat this action as needed.
      • For graphics: Rows * Columns * Bits per pixel / 1024
      • For video: Space Per Frame * Frame Rate / 1024

    • Calculate storage for various data types:

      • A movie file using 2 MB of storage per frame, at a frame rate of 30 frames per second and 30 seconds’ duration of movie. (e.g., 2 MB/frame * 30 frames/second * 30 seconds = 18000 MB = 17.55 GB).

    Representation of Data Types

    • Character representation uses 8-bit binary numbers corresponding to the ASCII table.
    • Sound is stored as a digital representation (achieved through sampling).
    • Graphics can be defined as either raster or vector based. Raster graphics are in a dot matrix data structure representing a grid of pixels that cannot scale up without loss of apparent quality.

    Calculating Data Storage

    • For characters: Characters * 8 / 1024
    • For sound: Sample rate * resolution * length / 1024.
    • For graphics: Rows * Columns * Bits per pixel / 1024.
    • For video: Space Per Frame * Frame Rate * Duration / 1024 (to get kilobytes).

    Content Delivery Network (CDN)

    • A geographically distributed group of servers (points of presence).
    • How it works: CDN servers cache content. Using the user’s geographic IP address, it connects them to the nearest CDN server.
    • Benefits: Reduced latency, improved performance, and allows for website content to be accessed faster.
    • Effect on news websites: Faster loading times, reduced server load and issues with performance issues or downtime due to increased load, improved user experience

    Virtualization

    • the process of creating a virtual version or instance of a resource.

    • Allows you to take one piece of hardware and make it act like multiple pieces.

    • Virtualization methods:

      • Multiple servers on one piece of hardware.
      • Applications from a virtualised server instead of a local PC.
      • Reproduce a network.
      • Run two desktop environments (e.g., Mac and Windows).
      • Pool storage from many devices as one storage device

    • Virtual storage: Combines physical storage from multiple devices into one storage device managed through a central console.

    • Hiding complexity from the user, it appears as a standard read or write to a physical drive.

    Virtual Storage Advantages

    • Reduced up-front hardware and continuous operational costs
    • Less downtime, by simplifying to one console, easier to back up and recover data
    • Scalability, easy to add more storage to the virtual pool of storage

    Virtual Storage Disadvantages

    • Initial investment associated with acquiring and implementing storage virtualisation as well as ongoing 3rd party costs to software companies
    • Requires specialised skills

    Hosted Instance

    • A virtual machine (VM) or server instance hosted on a cloud infrastructure or a third-party hosting provider.
    • Resources provided (CPU, RAM, storage) on demand.

    Hosted Solution

    • Similar to a hosted instance with a broader range of services.
    • Example: Software as a Service (SaaS) applications like Office 365.

    Clustering

    • A cluster is a set of computers that work together, viewed as a singular system.
    • Computer systems work in parallel to share the workload; thus enhancing processing power and storage capacity.

    Cloud Storage

    • A cloud service where you access and use computer resources over the internet.
    • It differs from having your own local computer or data centre.
    • Types of resources: Servers, Storage, Software.

    Cloud Storage Benefits

    • Cost saving on physical hardware and data centres, economies of scale

    • Scalability of on-demand resources to match organizational needs

    • Business continuity supported by automated backup and disaster recovery services, ensuring the quickest restoration in case of data loss or system failures.

    • Collaboration via tools that allow for real-time communication among members irrespective of their locations

    • Simple updates and maintenance, managed by cloud providers to ensure up-to-date and secure systems

    Blockchain

    • A decentralized and secure method for storing data in a distributed ledger format.
    • Relies on cryptographic techniques and consensus mechanics for integrity.
    • Blockchain is not limited to cryptocurrencies, allowing for wider application.
    • The blockchain is created via chronologically ordered operations stored as blocks and is made to have a clear history

    Blockchain - Terminology

    • Distributed ledger format: Decentralized database of information about transactions between various parties.
    • Consensus mechanics: Protocol bringing all nodes into agreement on a singular data set.
    • Decentralization: No single point of failure within the blockchain.

    Blockchain - Benefits

    • Privacy: Enhanced privacy and security for private and permissioned networks.
    • Cost-effectiveness, as no centralized infrastructure means no maintenance costs.

    Exam Questions

    • Students should expect questions demanding the calculation of storage sizes for different types of files (images, video, audio, and text).
    • Students should expect to be asked to describe two compression methods to store video files given a set description.
    • Be prepared to solve storage calculations.

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    A Level Data Technologies Past Paper - Storing Data

    Description

    Test your knowledge on various types of data compression, including audio, video, and graphics. Additionally, explore the concepts of virtualization and Content Delivery Networks (CDN). This quiz will challenge your understanding of key terms and their applications in technology.

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