Comprehensive English Exam

Present Simple Tense

• Used for routines, facts, and general truths.
• Structure: Subject + base verb (+s/es for third-person singular).
• Examples: "She writes," "They play."

Present Progressive Tense

• Used for ongoing actions and situations happening at the moment.
• Structure: Subject + am/is/are + verb-ing.
• Examples: "I am studying," "He is running."

Prepositions of Time

• Indicate when something happens.
• Common prepositions: at, on, in.
• Examples: "I have a meeting at 3 PM," "Her birthday is on April 5th."

Prepositions of Place & Movement

• Describe location and direction.
• Place: at, in, on (e.g., "The book is on the table.")
• Movement: to, from, into (e.g., "She went to the market.")

Modal Verbs (must, have to, should)

• Must: indicates necessity or obligation (e.g., "You must finish your homework.")
• Have to: expresses external necessity (e.g., "I have to go to work.")
• Should: suggests advisability (e.g., "You should see a doctor.")

Adjectives

• Describe nouns and answer questions like "What kind?" or "How many?"
• Examples include: beautiful, tall, interesting.

Adverbs

• Modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
• Adverbs of manner: describe how an action is performed (e.g., "She sings beautifully.")
• Adverbs of frequency: indicate how often (e.g., "He usually goes jogging.")

Personal Pronouns & Possessives

• Personal pronouns: replace nouns (e.g., I, you, he, she, it, we, they).
• Possessive pronouns indicate ownership (e.g., mine, yours, his, hers).

State Verbs

• Describe states rather than actions (e.g., know, believe, love).
• Typically not used in continuous forms.

There is / There are

• Used to indicate existence.
• "There is" for singular nouns (e.g., "There is a cat.")
• "There are" for plural nouns (e.g., "There are three dogs.")

Have Got / Has Got

• Indicate possession.
• "Have got" is used with I, you, we, they; "has got" with he, she, it.
• Examples: "I have got a new car," "She has got a brother."

Active/Passive Voice

• Active: subject performs the action (e.g., "The chef cooks the meal.")
• Passive: subject receives the action (e.g., "The meal is cooked by the chef.")

Countable and Uncountable Nouns

• Countable nouns: can be counted (e.g., apples, books).
• Uncountable nouns: cannot be counted and often do not have a plural form (e.g., water, rice).

Quantifiers

• Indicate quantity without specifying an exact number (e.g., some, many, few, a lot of).
• Used with both countable and uncountable nouns.

Was/Were

• Past tense forms of "to be."
• "Was" for singular subjects (I, he, she, it), "were" for plural subjects (you, we, they).
• Example: "I was happy," "They were excited."

Past Simple

• Used for completed actions in the past.
• Structure: Subject + past form of the verb.
• Examples: "I walked," "She saw."

Numbers

• Express quantities, order, and measurements.
• Include cardinal numbers (one, two, three) and ordinal numbers (first, second, third).