10 Questions
Phospholipids Contain ______ acid
Phosphoric
Glycolipids Contain ______
Sugars
Compound (Conjugated ) Lipids are formed of : Lipid conjugated with other ______
substance
Sulfolipids Contain ______
Sulfate
Lipoproteins Contain ______
Proteins
Define nucleotide and explain its structure.
Nucleotide is the building block of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). Its structure consists of a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base (either a purine or a pyrimidine), and a pentose sugar (deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA).
List the types of nucleosides and provide examples for each.
The types of nucleosides include adenosine, guanosine, xanthosine, inosine, cytidine, uridine, and thymidine.
What are the functions of nucleotides?
The functions of nucleotides include serving as building blocks for nucleic acids, providing a source of energy (ATP and GTP), mediating hormone action (cAMP and cGMP), acting as co-enzymes (NAD and FAD), activating compounds (UDP-glucose for glycogen synthesis), serving as group donors (PAPS as sulfate donor, SAM as methyl donor), and acting as synthetic analogues (5-fluorouracil and allopurinol).
What is the primary structure of DNA?
The primary structure of DNA refers to the sequence of nucleotides along the DNA strand.
Describe the secondary structure of DNA.
The secondary structure of DNA is a double helix formed by two DNA strands held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nitrogenous bases (adenine with thymine and cytosine with guanine). The sugar-phosphate backbones run antiparallel to each other.
Study Notes
Compound (Conjugated) Lipids
- Lipids conjugated with other substances, consisting of fatty acids, alcohols, and other groups.
- Classified according to the type of group attached.
Classification of Compound Lipids
- Phospholipids: contain phosphoric acid.
- Glycolipids: contain sugars.
- Sulfolipids: contain sulfate.
- Lipoproteins: contain proteins.
Phospholipids
- Formed from fatty acids, alcohol, phosphoric acid, and ± nitrogenous base.
- Types of phospholipids:
- Phosphoglycerides (Glycero-phospholipids)
- Sphingomyelin (Sphingo-phospholipids)
Sphingomyelin
- Structure consists of:
- Sphingosine base (sphingol, an alcoholic amine)
- Unsaturated fatty acid
- Phosphoric acid
- Choline base
Phosphoglycerides
- Structure consists of:
- Glycerol
- Saturated fatty acid
- Unsaturated fatty acid
- Phosphatidic acid:
- Intermediate compound in synthesis
- No nitrogenous base
- Phosphoric acid
- Phosphatidic acid + choline = lecithin
Nucleotides
- Definition: building blocks of nucleic acid (DNA & RNA)
- Structure consists of:
- Phosphate
- Nucleoside
- Nitrogenous base
- Purines: Adenine, Guanine, Xanthine, Hypoxanthine
- Pyrimidine: Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine
- Pentose sugar: deoxyribose (DNA), Ribose (RNA)
- Types of nucleotides:
- Base Nucleoside
- Adenine: Adenosine
- Guanine: Guanosine
- Xanthine: Xanthosine
- Hypoxanthine: Inosine
- Cytosine: Cytidine
- Uracil: Uridine
- Thymine: Thymidine
- Adenosine Mono, Di, Tri Phosphate
Functions of Nucleotides
- Building blocks of DNA & RNA
- Source of energy: ATP, GTP
- Mediate hormone action: cAMP, cGMP are 2nd messenger
- Co-enzymes: NAD, FAD
- Activation of compounds: UDP-glucose used for glycogen synthesis
- Group donors: PAPS → sulfate donor, SAM → methyl donor
- Synthetic Analogues: 5-flurouracil (Allopurinol), Thymine (Pyrimidine), Hypoxanthine (Purine) used for cancer treatment and gout treatment.
Test your knowledge on compound (conjugated) lipids with this quiz! Learn about the structure and classification of these lipids, including phospholipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, and lipoproteins. Challenge yourself to identify the different components and understand their roles in these complex lipids.
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