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Questions and Answers
What percentage of the human body mass is made up of Calcium?
What percentage of the human body mass is made up of Calcium?
- 5%
- 3%
- 2% (correct)
- 1%
Which element is primarily involved in oxygen transport within the human body?
Which element is primarily involved in oxygen transport within the human body?
- Magnesium
- Copper
- Zinc
- Iron (correct)
Which of the following elements is least abundant in the human body?
Which of the following elements is least abundant in the human body?
- Magnesium
- Calcium
- Copper
- Iron (correct)
What is one of the functions of Magnesium in the human body?
What is one of the functions of Magnesium in the human body?
Which organic compound is represented by the formula C6H12O6?
Which organic compound is represented by the formula C6H12O6?
What role does Potassium play in the human body?
What role does Potassium play in the human body?
Which negative ion is formed from Phosphate in the human body?
Which negative ion is formed from Phosphate in the human body?
Which trace element is involved in the function of enzymes?
Which trace element is involved in the function of enzymes?
Which type of fat is essential for the body and must be obtained from food?
Which type of fat is essential for the body and must be obtained from food?
What is a key characteristic of monounsaturated fats?
What is a key characteristic of monounsaturated fats?
Which of the following foods is highest in trans fats?
Which of the following foods is highest in trans fats?
What effect does saturated fat have on cholesterol levels?
What effect does saturated fat have on cholesterol levels?
Which type of dietary fat is considered healthy due to its effect on cholesterol?
Which type of dietary fat is considered healthy due to its effect on cholesterol?
Which component of the diet is primarily made up of amino acids?
Which component of the diet is primarily made up of amino acids?
Which of the following is a consequence of consuming trans fats?
Which of the following is a consequence of consuming trans fats?
Which of the following best describes polyunsaturated fats?
Which of the following best describes polyunsaturated fats?
What characterizes the tertiary structure of a protein?
What characterizes the tertiary structure of a protein?
What type of bond is responsible for holding together the polypeptide chains in proteins with a quaternary structure?
What type of bond is responsible for holding together the polypeptide chains in proteins with a quaternary structure?
How do non-polar side groups affect protein solubility in water?
How do non-polar side groups affect protein solubility in water?
What is the primary function of enzymes?
What is the primary function of enzymes?
What role do hydrogen bonds play in fibrous proteins like collagen?
What role do hydrogen bonds play in fibrous proteins like collagen?
Which of the following proteins has a quaternary structure?
Which of the following proteins has a quaternary structure?
What determines the specificity of enzymes to their substrates?
What determines the specificity of enzymes to their substrates?
In what location are hydrophobic variable groups typically found in globular proteins?
In what location are hydrophobic variable groups typically found in globular proteins?
What is one of the main environmental concerns associated with deforestation?
What is one of the main environmental concerns associated with deforestation?
What process describes the transformation of cleared land into a desert?
What process describes the transformation of cleared land into a desert?
Which of the following methods is traditionally used in Britain for sustainable forest management?
Which of the following methods is traditionally used in Britain for sustainable forest management?
What negative consequence does overfishing have on fish populations?
What negative consequence does overfishing have on fish populations?
What is the goal of implementing fishing quotas?
What is the goal of implementing fishing quotas?
What is one of the results of soil erosion due to deforestation?
What is one of the results of soil erosion due to deforestation?
Which conservation method involves the rotation of cutting different woodland areas?
Which conservation method involves the rotation of cutting different woodland areas?
What is a consequence of reduced native biodiversity due to deforestation?
What is a consequence of reduced native biodiversity due to deforestation?
What is the primary purpose of breeding programmes conducted by zoos and botanic gardens?
What is the primary purpose of breeding programmes conducted by zoos and botanic gardens?
How does genetic diversity impact the survival of a species?
How does genetic diversity impact the survival of a species?
What is one consequence of monoculture farming?
What is one consequence of monoculture farming?
Why are hedges important in agricultural settings?
Why are hedges important in agricultural settings?
What is a negative effect of using fertilizers in agriculture?
What is a negative effect of using fertilizers in agriculture?
What role do sperm banks and seed stores play in conservation?
What role do sperm banks and seed stores play in conservation?
What is a potential benefit of preserving wild relatives of domestic crops?
What is a potential benefit of preserving wild relatives of domestic crops?
What should captive breeding programs prioritize to fulfill their moral obligation?
What should captive breeding programs prioritize to fulfill their moral obligation?
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Study Notes
Composition of the Human Body
- Major elements include Carbon (18%), Hydrogen (10%), Nitrogen (3%).
- Calcium (2%): Strengthens bones and teeth; essential for nervous system function.
- Phosphorus (1% as phosphate): Vital for cell membranes, ATP production, and nucleic acids.
- Remaining 1% from elements like Potassium (0.35%), Sulfur (0.25%), Chlorine (0.15%), Sodium (0.15%), Magnesium (0.05%), Iron (0.004%), Copper, Manganese, Zinc, and Iodine (all trace elements).
Key Functions of Minor Elements
- Potassium: Nerve impulse transmission.
- Sulfur: Component of some amino acids.
- Chlorine: Involved in carbon dioxide transport.
- Sodium: Nerve impulse transmission.
- Magnesium: Enzyme function and chlorophyll in plants.
- Iron: Crucial for oxygen transport.
- Other trace elements support various enzyme functions and growth hormone function.
Inorganic Ions
- Common positive ions: Mg²⁺, Fe²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, NH₄⁺.
- Common negative ions: Phosphate (PO₄³⁻), Sulfate (SO₄²⁻), Nitrate (NO₃⁻), Chloride (Cl⁻), Hydrogen carbonate (HCO₃⁻).
Organic Compounds
- Always contain Carbon and Hydrogen; often include Oxygen and Nitrogen.
- Examples: Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and Glycine (C₂H₅NO₂).
Dietary Fats Impact on Health
- Polyunsaturated Fats: Essential fats (omega-3 and omega-6); lower LDL cholesterol. Found in cooking oils and fatty fish.
- Monounsaturated Fats: Healthy fats; maintain HDL cholesterol. Found in olive oil, avocados, and nuts.
- Saturated Fats: Raise total and LDL cholesterol; should be consumed in moderation. Found in animal products and baked goods.
- Trans Fats: Increase LDL cholesterol and lower HDL cholesterol; intake should be limited due to health risks.
Proteins and Structure
- Proteins are polymers of 20 amino acids; fold into specific 3D shapes.
- Tertiary structure: Globular shape, soluble in water; includes charged surfaces and hydrophobic interiors.
- Quaternary structure: Composed of multiple polypeptide chains. Example proteins: insulin, hemoglobin.
Function of Proteins
- Enzymes: Catalyze reactions by lowering activation energy; specific to substrates.
- Antibodies: Bind antigens for immune responses.
- Hormones: Bind to specific receptors to regulate physiological processes.
Conservation Efforts
- Genetic diversity is crucial for species survival in changing environments.
- Conservation methods include captive breeding, habitat protection, and reintroducing species into the wild.
- Agriculture, while essential for food production, poses risks to biodiversity through practices like monoculture and pesticide use.
Environmental Impact of Practices
- Deforestation leads to habitat destruction, reduced biodiversity, soil erosion, and contributes to climate change.
- Sustainable management practices, such as coppicing and replanting, support forest regeneration.
- Overfishing threatens fish populations; fishing quotas help manage sustainably.
Key Terms
- Eutrophication: Nutrient overload in water bodies due to fertilizers.
- Monoculture: Cultivation of a single crop type, increasing vulnerability to pests.
- Desertification: Land degradation caused by deforestation leading to loss of arable land.
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