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Geography June exam P1 (Mix)
358 Questions
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Geography June exam P1 (Mix)

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@GreatestTiger

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary source of energy for the Earth's atmosphere?

  • Tidal energy
  • Wind energy
  • Insolation (correct)
  • Geothermal energy

    • Which of the following is NOT included in the stores within the atmosphere?

  • Gases like carbon dioxide
  • Heat energy
  • Moisture
  • Nitrogen gas (correct)

    • What is released back into space as an output from the atmosphere?

  • Salt particles
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Terrestrial radiation (correct)
  • Water vapor

    • Which component plays crucial roles in cloud formation and radiation reflection?

    <p>Dust particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are noble gases found in the atmosphere?

    <p>Argon and neon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a variable gas within the atmosphere?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the atmosphere in relation to the Earth's environmental system?

    <p>Absorbing harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gas is crucial for photosynthesis but can lead to global warming at increased levels?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which layer of the atmosphere does the ozone layer primarily reside?

    <p>Stratosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes daily temperature changes on Earth?

    <p>The Earth rotating on its axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves about 66% of incoming solar radiation being absorbed?

    <p>Absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor influencing temperature changes across different locations on Earth?

    <p>Intensity and duration of sunlight received</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gas plays a vital role in respiration?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do all weather processes occur within the atmosphere?

    <p>Troposphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main source of Earth's heat?

    <p>Solar energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ozone layer in the atmosphere?

    <p>To absorb harmful UV radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the immediate impacts of earthquakes mentioned in the text?

    <p>Destruction to buildings and roads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do developing countries differ from developed countries in terms of earthquake impact?

    <p>Developing countries have less robust emergency response capabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes developing countries more vulnerable to earthquake impacts?

    <p>Higher population densities in vulnerable areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common health risk associated with earthquakes?

    <p>Increased risk of diseases and injuries from debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do developed countries often have better preparedness strategies for earthquakes?

    <p>Presence of earthquake-resistant buildings and effective communication systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by tight spacing between isobars on synoptic weather maps?

    <p>Strong winds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the Earth is composed of solid but plastic-like rock capable of flow?

    <p>Mantle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do circular patterns of isobars on synoptic weather maps represent?

    <p>High pressure areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which spectrum from satellite images is essential for tracking moisture distribution in the atmosphere?

    <p>Water Vapor Spectrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Earth's outermost solid layer called?

    <p>Crust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Earth's innermost layer called?

    <p>Inner Core</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the outer core of the Earth in a liquid state?

    <p>Extremely high temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the Mohorovičić discontinuity (Moho) located, marking the boundary between two layers of the Earth?

    <p>Between Crust and Mantle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary process that facilitates the transfer of energy from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere by transforming absorbed short-wave solar radiation into long-wave infrared radiation?

    <p>Radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor primarily affects temperatures at higher latitudes by spreading energy over a larger area due to sunlight striking the Earth at sharper angles?

    <p>Latitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary physical state of water in the atmosphere that significantly impacts weather and climate?

    <p>Gaseous Water Vapor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the transformation of liquid water into water vapor, driven by heat energy from the environment?

    <p>Evaporation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which atmospheric state of water is primarily found in colder climates and at high altitudes?

    <p>Solid Ice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when water vapor cools to form liquid water, leading to cloud formation and potential precipitation?

    <p>Condensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor significantly affects temperatures of nearby land areas by either raising or lowering them?

    <p>Ocean Currents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direct shift from solid ice to gaseous water vapor, bypassing the liquid phase known as?

    <p>Sublimation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rising sea levels and enhanced salination are potential impacts due to an increased concentration of:

    <p>Carbon Dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the movement of heat by the mass motion of heated molecules known as?

    <p>Convection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of Earth's water is stored in the oceans?

    <p>97.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves water molecules transitioning from liquid to vapor?

    <p>Evaporation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of clouds often indicate an approaching cold front but do not produce precipitation?

    <p>Cirrus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does hail typically form?

    <p>In cumulonimbus clouds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of convectional rain?

    <p>Moisture-laden air rising and cooling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rain is induced by warm, moist air being lifted over cooler air in frontal systems?

    <p>Cyclonic or Frontal Rain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of synoptic weather maps in meteorology?

    <p>Providing a visual summary of weather conditions over a broad area at a specific time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of precipitation forms when vapor condenses directly onto surfaces?

    <p>Dew</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main driver of evaporation within the water cycle?

    <p>Solar heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the critical aspect for cloud formation to occur?

    <p>Moist air rising, cooling, and reaching saturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of plate margin is characterized by plates moving apart?

    <p>Constructive Margins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is most likely to be associated with destructive plate margins?

    <p>Deep-Sea Trenches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of severe earthquakes at conservative plate margins?

    <p>Sticking Plates Slipping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tectonic activity can trigger violent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions?

    <p>Subduction of Oceanic Plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological process shapes the Earth's crust through tectonic plate movements?

    <p>Folding and Faulting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fold is characterized by nearly horizontal limbs?

    <p>Recumbent Fold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of fold structure results in downward U-shaped folds?

    <p>Syncline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fold is known for breaking and sliding over itself under extreme pressure?

    <p>Recumbent Fold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of geologic feature forms when two continental plates collide?

    <p>Mountain Ranges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which instrument is used to detect slope changes in volcanic areas?

    <p>Tilt Meters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the crystal size within igneous rocks?

    <p>Rate of cooling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rock transforms under extreme pressure and temperature without melting?

    <p>Metamorphic rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between dykes and sills?

    <p>Formation process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rock is known for landforms like karst landscapes with caves and aquifers?

    <p>Sedimentary rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the theory of continental drift, what was the supercontinent that existed around 200 million years ago?

    <p>Pangaea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence supports the theory of continental drift based on geological structures?

    <p>Similar rock formations across continents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the movement of tectonic plates according to plate tectonics?

    <p>Mantle convection currents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are laccoliths and lopoliths primarily shaped by?

    <p>Intrusion of magma between rock layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes faulting to occur?

    <p>Rocks being pulled apart due to compression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which landform is associated with normal faults?

    <p>Rift Valleys (Grabens)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary waves responsible for during an earthquake?

    <p>Traveling through the Earth's crust and squeezing or stretching the ground</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which activity is NOT an example of human impact on fold mountains?

    <p>Mining for precious stones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of an earthquake?

    <p>The point inside the Earth where the earthquake originates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about tsunamis is accurate?

    <p>Tsunamis are series of ocean waves caused by undersea disturbances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Richter scale measure?

    <p>Energy released by an earthquake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Compression' in relation to faulting refers to what action?

    <p>Rocks being pushed together, leading to reverse faults or folds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Secondary Waves (S-waves)' can travel through:

    <p>Only solids, not liquids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common human activity associated with fold mountains?

    <p>Skiing and snowboarding tourism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the immediate impacts of earthquakes?

    <p>Disruption of water and electricity supplies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do developing countries often suffer greater devastation from earthquakes?

    <p>Because of less robust emergency response capabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of infrastructure damage caused by earthquakes?

    <p>Disruption to road networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to resource shortages after an earthquake?

    <p>Disruption of gas supplies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the health risks associated with earthquakes?

    <p>Potential secondary disasters like chemical boosts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do developed countries differ from developing countries in terms of earthquake impact?

    <p>Developed countries have more robust emergency response capabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a health and safety risk associated with earthquakes?

    <p>'Increased risk of diseases'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can infrastructure damage impact communities after an earthquake?

    <p>'Disruption to utility lines'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant impact on developing countries due to earthquakes?

    <p>'Higher population densities'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one effect on developed countries not typical of developing countries after earthquakes?

    <p>More robust emergency response capabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays a crucial role in radiation reflection and cloud formation within the atmosphere?

    <p>Dust particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an output from the atmosphere?

    <p>Terrestrial radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of energy for the Earth's atmosphere?

    <p>Insolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a store within the atmosphere that exists in various forms such as water vapor, water droplets, and ice?

    <p>Moisture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element released back into space or returned to the Earth's surface through precipitation processes?

    <p>Moisture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the constant gases found in the atmosphere?

    <p>Nitrogen and oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the transfer of energy through conduction and convection?

    <p>Conduction involves direct contact, while convection involves mass motion of heated molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does latitude affect temperature at different locations?

    <p>Higher latitudes receive sunlight at sharper angles, leading to cooler temperatures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ocean currents in influencing land temperatures?

    <p>Warm currents raise temperatures, while cold currents have no effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do increased greenhouse gases contribute to global warming?

    <p>They increase heat retention, leading to a rise in global temperatures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which atmospheric state is responsible for significantly impacting weather and climate?

    <p>Gaseous Water Vapor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called where water vapor cools to form liquid water?

    <p>Condensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to liquid water when it absorbs heat energy from the environment?

    <p>It evaporates into gaseous water vapor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sublimation refers to the direct transition from:

    <p><em>Solid Ice to Gaseous Water Vapor</em></p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does temperature generally vary with altitude in the troposphere?

    <p>Temperature decreases with altitude.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes mountain peaks near the equator to be snow-capped despite their altitude?

    <p>The high altitude counteracts the effect of being near the equator.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of the atmosphere mentioned in the text?

    <p>Absorption of solar radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the atmosphere is characterized by temperature decreasing with altitude?

    <p>Troposphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of heat for the Earth's atmosphere?

    <p>Absorption of solar energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gas contributes to the greenhouse effect and is crucial for photosynthesis, but excess levels lead to global warming?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the ozone layer primarily reside in the atmosphere?

    <p>Stratosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the atmosphere experiences increasing temperature with altitude due to UV radiation absorption?

    <p>Stratosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gas, though mostly inert, is essential for plant growth according to the text?

    <p>Nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Daily temperature changes on Earth are primarily caused by what phenomenon?

    <p>Earth's rotation on its axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of Earth's water is stored in the oceans?

    <p>97.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cloud type is characterized by being high-altitude, thin, and wispy?

    <p>Cirrus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of precipitation generation involving moist air rising and cooling due to terrain?

    <p>Relief or Orographic Rain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary form of precipitation that forms directly onto surfaces?

    <p>Dew</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which environmental factor can interfere with the natural hydrological cycle leading to enhanced risks like flash floods?

    <p>Altering land surfaces and water usage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of clouds can lead to thunderstorms?

    <p>Cumulonimbus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Relative humidity' is a measure of the current amount of water vapor relative to what?

    <p>Maximum possible at the same temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Hail' is typically generated in which type of cloud?

    <p>Cumulonimbus clouds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays a crucial role in both cloud formation and radiation reflection?

    <p>Water droplets or ice crystals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives 'Convectional Rain' within the mechanisms of rainfall?

    <p>Heating of the Earth's surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one significant difference between developed and developing countries in terms of earthquake impact?

    <p>Developing countries have less stringent building codes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary risk associated with earthquakes, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Increased risk of diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to infrastructure damage after an earthquake?

    <p>Destruction to utility lines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable impact on resources after an earthquake?

    <p>Disruption of water supplies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In contrast to developed countries, what challenge do developing countries face during earthquakes?

    <p>Less robust emergency response capabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about weather conditions from synoptic maps with wide spacing between isobars?

    <p>Calm conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the inner core of the Earth solid despite experiencing extreme heat?

    <p>Caused by immense pressures at Earth's center</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which spectrum from satellite images is crucial for night-time meteorology?

    <p>Infrared Spectrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological process describes the transformation of rock types over time?

    <p>The Rock Cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the Earth is primarily composed of nickel and iron and is in a liquid state?

    <p>Outer Core</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature of synoptic maps represents patterns of high or low pressure areas?

    <p>Isobars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are satellite images crucial in meteorology?

    <p>For large-scale monitoring of weather patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be deduced about regions with thin crust on the Earth's surface?

    <p>They are mostly underwater.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is understanding Earth's layers crucial for the study of geology and plate tectonics?

    <p>To understand the movement of tectonic plates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor determines the crystal size within igneous rocks?

    <p>Rate of cooling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do laccoliths and lopoliths differ?

    <p>Direction of magma intrusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary feature of karst landscapes formed in limestone?

    <p>Caves, springs, and aquifers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are batholiths different from dykes and sills?

    <p>Size and depth below the Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence supports the theory of continental drift based on coal deposits?

    <p>Coal found across different continents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do sills differ from pipes in intrusive igneous activity?

    <p>Shape and orientation relative to rock layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of tors as landforms?

    <p>Exposed core-stones from erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of plate margin is characterized by the subduction of an oceanic plate under a continental plate?

    <p>Destructive Margin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process causes rocks to bend and fold under intense pressure at tectonic plate boundaries?

    <p>Compression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fold is characterized by one limb steeply inclined, similar to an anticline?

    <p>Overfold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic distinguishes a recumbent fold from other types of folds?

    <p>Nearly horizontal limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of faulting process occurs when rocks break and slide over themselves under extreme pressure?

    <p>Thrust Faulting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which geological feature arises from the collision of two continental plates, causing material to move upwards?

    <p>Mountain Ranges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Step-like' folds where rock layers are tilted in one direction are characteristic of which type of fold?

    <p>Monocline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Downward U-shaped' folds are known as what type of fold?

    <p>'Step-like' folds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Overthrust Folds' can be distinguished by what characteristic besides folding?

    <p>Breaking and Sliding Over Itself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process leads to the formation of various fold structures from simple to complex forms?

    <p>Immense pressure on rock layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key impact of folding on human activity in mountainous regions?

    <p>Enhanced conditions for agriculture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of faulting results from rocks being pushed together?

    <p>Reverse faults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes secondary waves (S-waves) from primary waves (P-waves) during an earthquake?

    <p>They cannot travel through liquids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What landform is created by the horizontal movement of rocks along faults?

    <p>Block Mountains (Horsts)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of tsunami formation?

    <p>Undersea disturbances like earthquakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Richter scale category indicates earthquakes with the potential for serious to catastrophic damage?

    <p>Major to Great (above 7)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological feature is a common tourist attraction due to its dramatic scenery and unique geological characteristics?

    <p>Fault-Related Landscapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the stores within the atmosphere as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Heat energy, gases, and moisture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the outputs from the atmosphere according to the text?

    <p>Terrestrial radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of energy for the Earth's atmosphere?

    <p>Insolation (INcoming SOLar RadiATION)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a non-gas component found within the atmosphere as per the text?

    <p>Salt particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the inputs into the atmosphere mentioned in the text?

    <p>Particles from volcanic eruptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element plays a crucial role in cloud formation and radiation reflection in the atmosphere according to the text?

    <p>Dust particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves the transformation of liquid water into water vapor, driven by heat energy from the environment?

    <p>Evaporation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor primarily affects temperatures at higher latitudes by spreading energy over a larger area due to sunlight striking the Earth at sharper angles?

    <p>Latitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of rising sea levels on coastal and low-lying regions?

    <p>Enhanced salination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What form of water exists as invisible moisture in the air and significantly impacts weather and climate?

    <p>Gaseous Water Vapor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes mountain peaks near the equator to be snow-capped despite their altitude?

    <p>Radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is liquid water transformed into solid ice in the atmosphere?

    <p>Freezing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significant impact of enhanced greenhouse gases on coastal regions?

    <p>Rising sea levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which atmospheric process is responsible for movement of heat by the mass motion of heated molecules?

    <p>Convection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of ocean currents in affecting land temperatures?

    <p>Raising temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major concern associated with an increase in global temperatures due to human activities intensifying the greenhouse effect?

    <p>Shifts in natural habitats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of earthquakes in terms of infrastructure?

    <p>Destruction to roads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do developing countries often experience more significant devastation from earthquakes?

    <p>Because they have less robust emergency response capabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary risk to health associated with earthquakes?

    <p>Increased risk of diseases and injuries from debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do developed countries differ from developing countries concerning earthquake preparedness?

    <p>Developed countries have better infrastructure and preparedness strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common impact of earthquakes on essential resources in affected areas?

    <p>Disruption of electricity supplies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the crystal size within an igneous rock?

    <p>The rate of cooling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rocks transform under extreme pressure and temperature without melting?

    <p>Metamorphic rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are laccoliths and lopoliths typically shaped by?

    <p>The intrusion of magma between rock layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are dykes and sills formed from?

    <p>Magma filling cracks and solidifying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What landform is characteristic of sedimentary rocks and includes features like caves and aquifers?

    <p>Karst landscapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the theory proposed by Alfred Wegener regarding the movement of continents?

    <p>&quot;Pangaea&quot; Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which evidence supporting continental drift involves matching glacial traces on different continents?

    <p>&quot;Glacial Deposits&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Dykes" and "Sills" are distinguished by their orientation which is:

    <p>&quot;Horizontal&quot; and &quot;Vertical&quot; respectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Batholiths" differ from other intrusive bodies due to their:

    <p>&quot;Deep formation below the surface&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Tors" in igneous rock landforms result from:

    <p>&quot;Erosion of surrounding material&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ozone layer in the atmosphere?

    <p>To protect against harmful ultraviolet radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which atmospheric layer contains the ozone layer and experiences a temperature increase with altitude?

    <p>Stratosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is carbon dioxide considered crucial for photosynthesis but can lead to global warming at higher levels?

    <p>It aids in the greenhouse effect by trapping heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which atmospheric gas, primarily non-reactive, is classified as an inert gas?

    <p>Argon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which atmospheric layer do all weather processes occur?

    <p>Troposphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves approximately 22% of incoming solar radiation being reflected back into space?

    <p>Reflection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of isobars on synoptic weather maps?

    <p>Connect points of equal atmospheric pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the spacing between isobars important in interpreting weather conditions?

    <p>It shows wind speed and pressure gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the outer core in the Earth's structure?

    <p>Being a liquid layer composed of nickel and iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Mohorovičić discontinuity (Moho) signify in the Earth's structure?

    <p>Boundary between crust and mantle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is water vapor spectrum imagery important in meteorology?

    <p>To track cloud movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'capable of flow' imply about the Earth's mantle?

    <p>It can change shape over long periods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do synoptic weather maps differ from satellite images in meteorology?

    <p>'Synoptic maps offer comprehensive imagery'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of seismic waves move the ground up and down and sideways, but only through solids?

    <p>Secondary Waves (S-waves)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What landform is created by elevated blocks between faults?

    <p>Block Mountains (Horsts)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of earthquakes according to the text?

    <p>Movement of Tectonic Plates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scale is used to measure the strength of earthquakes based on the energy released?

    <p>Richter Scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fault is characterized by horizontal movement causing strike-slip faults?

    <p>Strike-slip Faults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process leads to the formation of a series of ocean waves known as a tsunami?

    <p>Undersea Disturbances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fault results from rocks being pulled apart due to tension forces?

    <p>Normal Faults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary geological feature associated with folding at convergent plate boundaries?

    <p>&quot;V&quot;-Shaped Folds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Horsts" are elevated blocks formed between what geological structures?

    <p>&quot;Faults&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Terrace farming" is commonly practiced on the slopes of which type of landform?

    <p>&quot;Fold Mountains&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism behind Convectional Rain?

    <p>Heating of the Earth's surface causing moist air to rise and cool</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of clouds are typically associated with Cyclonic or Frontal Rain?

    <p>Cumulonimbus clouds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor leading to Relief or Orographic Rain?

    <p>Moist winds forced upward by terrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What weather condition can be expected from Cirrus clouds?

    <p>Approaching cold front</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of precipitation occurs when vapor condenses directly onto surfaces?

    <p>Dew</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process that generates Hail in cumulonimbus clouds?

    <p>Updrafts cycling water droplets until they freeze</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the critical role of Atmospheric water vapor within the hydrological cycle?

    <p>Contributing to cloud formation through condensation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Destructive Margins?

    <p>An oceanic plate subducts under a continental plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which geological process shapes the Earth's crust through tectonic plate movements?

    <p>Folding and faulting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of faulting is characterized by horizontal limbs forming under very high pressure?

    <p>Recumbent Fold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of plate margin involves plates moving apart to form new crust?

    <p>Constructive Margins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of intense pressure on rock layers at tectonic plate boundaries?

    <p>Compressive forces cause rock layers to buckle and fold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fold is similar to an anticline but has one limb steeply inclined?

    <p>Overfold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are synclines and anticlines types of in geological terms?

    <p>Fold structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary inputs into the atmosphere as described in the text?

    <p>Insolation and heat energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a store within the atmosphere based on the text?

    <p>Magma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary outputs from the atmosphere according to the text?

    <p>Terrestrial radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of non-gases like dust, salt, and smoke particles within the atmosphere?

    <p>Playing a role in cloud formation and radiation reflection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a constant gas within the atmosphere in the text?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to moisture in the atmosphere as an output according to the text?

    <p>Released back into space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ozone layer in the stratosphere?

    <p>Protecting against harmful UV radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the temperature change with altitude in the stratosphere?

    <p>Temperature increases with altitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gas, though at a low percentage, plays a crucial role in contributing to global warming due to the greenhouse effect?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of Earth's heat that influences atmospheric processes?

    <p>Solar energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the atmosphere experiences the sharpest increase in temperature with altitude?

    <p>Thermosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the essential function of oxygen in the atmosphere for all aerobic life forms?

    <p>Enabling respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the atmosphere is mostly inert but crucial for plant growth?

    <p>Nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of Earth's water is stored in the oceans?

    <p>97.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary driving force behind evaporation in the water cycle?

    <p>Solar heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of condensation in cloud formation?

    <p>Creation of cloud droplets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of clouds are associated with thunderstorms?

    <p>Cumulonimbus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What weather condition does 'Cirrus' clouds typically indicate?

    <p>Cold front approaching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of precipitation occurs when dew or atmospheric moisture freezes?

    <p>Frost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes 'Hail' to form in cumulonimbus clouds?

    <p>Updrafts cycling water droplets until they freeze</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary physical state of water in the atmosphere that constitutes invisible moisture and significantly impacts weather and climate?

    <p>Gaseous Water Vapor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process bypasses the liquid phase and shifts directly from solid ice to gaseous water vapor?

    <p>Evaporation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the visible form of water in the atmosphere, appearing as droplets in clouds and fog?

    <p>Liquid Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which atmospheric process involves the transformation of liquid water into water vapor driven by heat energy?

    <p>Evaporation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary process that leads to cloud formation and potential precipitation?

    <p>Condensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological impact does the type of rock present have on landscapes?

    <p>Determines the resistance to erosion and permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do laccoliths and lopoliths differ from one another?

    <p>Laccoliths cause uplift while lopoliths cause downward sagging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process forms sedimentary rock from existing rocks?

    <p>Weathering and transportation of sediments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are batholiths distinctly different from laccoliths and sills?

    <p>Batholiths are large masses that form deep below the Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor influencing crystal size in igneous rocks?

    <p>Rate of cooling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Tors' are notable landforms associated with which type of rock?

    <p><strong>Intrusive</strong> igneous rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the formation of metamorphic rocks?

    <p><strong>Extreme pressure and temperature</strong> conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Pipes' in geological structures mainly serve what purpose?

    <p><strong>Transport</strong> magma to the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Dykes' and 'Sills' differ primarily in their:

    <p><strong>Direction</strong> relative to existing rock layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significant difference between intrusive igneous activity and extrusive igneous activity?

    <p>Depth at which cooling occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential risk associated with resource shortages post-earthquake?

    <p>Higher risk of diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do developing countries often face more severe earthquake devastation compared to developed countries?

    <p>Higher population densities in vulnerable areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of earthquake impacts, what differentiates developed countries from developing countries?

    <p>Population density distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome associated with health and safety risks after an earthquake?

    <p>Higher risk of secondary disasters like fires</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to the higher level of devastation often faced by developing countries after earthquakes?

    <p>Less robust emergency response capabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological process is responsible for the formation of fold mountains like the Himalayas?

    <p>Collision margins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fold typically forms under very high pressure and is characterized by nearly horizontal limbs?

    <p>Recumbent fold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of plate margin can cause severe earthquakes due to sticking plates and pressure build-up?

    <p>Conservative margin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which geological activity results in the formation of new crust and mid-ocean ridges?

    <p>Divergent plate margins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes an overthrust fold from other types of folds?

    <p>Extreme pressure causing breaking and sliding over itself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of faulting involves rocks being pushed together?

    <p>Thrust faulting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of faulting is characterized by horizontal limbs forming under very high pressure?

    <p>Thrust faulting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological feature is typically associated with transform plate margins?

    <p>Mid-ocean ridges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one common consequence of infrastructure damage caused by severe earthquakes?

    <p>Severe flooding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition leads to the bending and folding of rock layers in geological processes?

    <p>Increased pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using satellite images in meteorology?

    <p>To provide real-time, comprehensive weather imagery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Mohorovičić discontinuity (Moho) in the Earth's structure?

    <p>Indicates the transition from crust to mantle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the Earth's outer core?

    <p>Composed of nickel (Ni) and iron (Fe)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is understanding the Earth's layers crucial for geology and plate tectonics?

    <p>To investigate Earth's geophysical processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do isobars on synoptic weather maps indicate calm conditions?

    <p>By showing wide spacing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates the functionality of the water vapor spectrum from the infrared spectrum in satellite images?

    <p>Water vapor spectrum is used for tracking moisture, while infrared spectrum is for cloud formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the crust differ under continents compared to beneath oceans?

    <p><strong>Thicker</strong> under continents and <strong>thinner</strong> beneath oceans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Visible spectrum satellite images are primarily useful for observing which weather phenomena?

    <p><strong>Cold fronts</strong> and thunderstorms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plate tectonics refer to which aspect of Earth's geology?

    <p><strong>Movement and interaction of lithospheric plates</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What landforms can be created by the horizontal movement of rocks along faults?

    <p>Block Mountains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fault is formed when rocks break and slide over themselves under extreme pressure?

    <p>Thrust Fault</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are earthquakes primarily caused by?

    <p>Movement of Tectonic Plates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of waves are the fastest in an earthquake?

    <p>Primary Waves (P-waves)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of reverse faults?

    <p>Rocks being pushed together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of landform is a result of depressed blocks created by fault movements?

    <p>Rift Valleys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which instrument measures and records the details of seismic waves?

    <p>Seismograph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are strike-slip faults characterized?

    <p>Horizontal movement causing sliding past each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of rift valleys like the East African Rift Valley?

    <p>Tension Forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process that can lead to earthquakes when rocks fracture and slide past each other?

    <p>Faulting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT mentioned as an input into the atmosphere in the text?

    <p>Ocean currents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the outputs from the atmosphere, as per the text?

    <p>Terrestrial radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of gases are considered as variable gases in the atmosphere according to the text?

    <p>Carbon dioxide and ozone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What form of moisture is stored and circulated within the atmosphere, affecting weather and climate patterns?

    <p>Water vapor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are non-gases that play crucial roles in cloud formation and radiation reflection in the atmosphere?

    <p>Dust, salt, and smoke particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Precipitation processes release moisture back into space or return it to Earth's surface. Which of the following is NOT a form of precipitation mentioned in the text?

    <p>Fog</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ozone within the stratosphere?

    <p>Absorbing harmful ultraviolet radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which atmospheric layer extends up to 12 km and is where all weather processes occur?

    <p>Troposphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the coldest layer of the atmosphere where meteors burn up and noctilucent clouds form?

    <p>Mesosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gas, although mostly inert, is essential for plant growth?

    <p>Nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the greenhouse effect in the atmosphere and is crucial for photosynthesis?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the atmosphere contains the ozone layer and experiences a temperature increase with altitude?

    <p>Stratosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves the transformation of liquid water into water vapor?

    <p>Evaporation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which atmospheric state plays a crucial role in weather and climate?

    <p>Gaseous Water Vapor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily responsible for maintaining the Earth's temperature by trapping heat?

    <p>Radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of ocean currents, what effect do warm currents generally have on land temperatures?

    <p>Raise temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of enhanced salination that can damage agriculture and ecosystems?

    <p>Ocean currents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physical state of water in the atmosphere is found as snowflakes and hail?

    <p>Solid Ice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary geological process responsible for the formation of block mountains and rift valleys?

    <p>Faulting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which seismic wave type can move only through solids and not liquids?

    <p>Secondary Waves (S-waves)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of earthquakes that primarily occurs due to the movement of tectonic plates at fault lines?

    <p>Intense Shaking Events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are Block Mountains (Horsts) and Rift Valleys (Grabens) related to faulting?

    <p>Result from fault movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor that distinguishes between earthquakes categorized as 'Moderate to Strong' and 'Major to Great' based on the Richter scale?

    <p>Energy Released</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do surface waves differ from P-waves and S-waves in terms of speed and impact?

    <p>Surface waves are slower but less destructive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key reason why developing countries often experience more significant devastation from earthquakes?

    <p>Less stringent building codes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do developed countries typically have an advantage in earthquake preparedness compared to developing countries?

    <p>Stringent building codes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes significantly to the impact of earthquakes on resources, such as water and electricity supplies?

    <p>Disruption of infrastructure like utility lines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary concern regarding health and safety risks after an earthquake?

    <p>Potential secondary disasters like floods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the impact of earthquakes differ between developed and developing countries in terms of infrastructure damage?

    <p>Developed countries face more destruction to roads and bridges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological process leads to the formation of fold mountains like the Himalayas?

    <p>Tectonic plate collision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major geological activity occurs at constructive plate margins?

    <p>Mid-ocean ridges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of plate margin involves plates sliding past each other without creating or destroying crust?

    <p>Transform margin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fold is characterized by limbs that are nearly horizontal and forms under very high pressure?

    <p>Recumbent fold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor determines the type and intensity of folding in rocks during tectonic plate collisions?

    <p>Properties of the rock and compressive forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant geological feature formed by extreme pressure causing rocks to break and slide over themselves?

    <p>Overthrust fold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fold is characterized by one limb being steeply inclined like an anticline?

    <p>Overfold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible outcome of sticking plates causing pressure build-up at transform plate margins?

    <p>Occurrence of severe earthquakes when plates finally slip</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key function of tilt meters in monitoring volcanoes?

    <p>Measuring rock tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What environmental mechanism induces precipitation when moist winds are forced upward by terrain cooling and condensing to form precipitation on windward slopes?

    <p>Relief or orographic rain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cloud type, indicated as an approaching cold front, does not produce precipitation?

    <p>Cirrus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the water cycle, what is the primary driver for the transition of water molecules from liquid to vapor?

    <p>Solar heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What form of precipitation occurs when condensed water droplets coalesce in clouds and fall due to gravity when the air cannot hold more moisture?

    <p>Rain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process in which vapor condenses directly onto surfaces called?

    <p>Dew formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rain is driven by the heating of the Earth's surface, causing moisture-laden air to rise and cool?

    <p>Convectional rain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that leads to widespread rain in cyclonic or frontal rain systems?

    <p>'Warm, moist air being lifted over cooler air'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Stratus' clouds can lead to which weather condition?

    <p>'Low, flat clouds leading to drizzle or light rain'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Frost' occurs when dew or atmospheric moisture freezes due to which condition?

    <p>'Temperatures below freezing'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do batholiths differ from laccoliths and lopoliths in terms of formation?

    <p>Batholiths form when magma fills cracks and solidifies, while laccoliths and lopoliths form between rock layers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological feature is associated with intrusive igneous activity but not with extrusive igneous activity?

    <p>Tors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do sills differ from dykes in terms of orientation?

    <p>Sills are typically horizontal, while dykes are vertical.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of laccoliths in geological formations?

    <p>To cause uplift or downward sagging between rock layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do batholiths differ from pipes in terms of structure?

    <p>Batholiths are large masses of igneous rock formed deep below the Earth's surface, whereas pipes are chimney-like structures for magma movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes laccoliths from lopoliths in terms of their impact on rock layers?

    <p>Laccoliths cause uplift in layers, while lopoliths cause downward sagging.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do dykes differ from sills in terms of their orientation within existing rock layers?

    <p>Dykes cut across existing rock layers vertically, sills form horizontally within layers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect differentiates batholiths from laccoliths and sills regarding their formation process?

    <p>Batholiths are large masses of igneous rock below the Earth's surface, while laccoliths and sills solidify in cracks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do intrusive igneous activities differ from extrusive igneous activities concerning their cooling process?

    <p>Intrusive activities cool slowly beneath the surface forming larger crystals than extrusive activities that cool rapidly at the Earth's surface forming smaller crystals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Mohorovičić discontinuity (Moho) on the Earth's structure?

    <p>Marking the transition between the lithosphere and asthenosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do isobars contribute to weather forecasting on synoptic weather maps?

    <p>Depicting atmospheric pressure gradients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the Earth's crust from the lithosphere in terms of composition?

    <p>The inclusion of the upper solid mantle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the fluid nature of the outer core contribute to Earth's geophysical processes?

    <p>Facilitating convection currents that generate magnetic fields</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of satellite technology provides crucial data for tracking frontal systems and cloud movements?

    <p>Water vapor spectrum readings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor affecting wind strength based on isobar spacing on synoptic weather maps?

    <p>Atmospheric pressure gradients</p> Signup and view all the answers

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