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Questions and Answers
What are the main products of the complete oxidation of glucose?
What are the main products of the complete oxidation of glucose?
During glycolysis, glucose is converted into how many pyruvate molecules?
During glycolysis, glucose is converted into how many pyruvate molecules?
What is produced during the pyruvate oxidation stage per converted pyruvate?
What is produced during the pyruvate oxidation stage per converted pyruvate?
Which of the following represents the outputs of one cycle of the Krebs cycle for each acetyl-CoA?
Which of the following represents the outputs of one cycle of the Krebs cycle for each acetyl-CoA?
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In the electron transport chain, what is the fate of the electrons donated by NADH and FADH₂?
In the electron transport chain, what is the fate of the electrons donated by NADH and FADH₂?
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What is the total amount of ATP produced through the complete oxidation of glucose?
What is the total amount of ATP produced through the complete oxidation of glucose?
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What is the role of oxygen in the electron transport chain during the complete oxidation of glucose?
What is the role of oxygen in the electron transport chain during the complete oxidation of glucose?
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Which molecule is produced during pyruvate oxidation for each pyruvate converted?
Which molecule is produced during pyruvate oxidation for each pyruvate converted?
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How many CO₂ molecules are produced during the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule through the Krebs cycle?
How many CO₂ molecules are produced during the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule through the Krebs cycle?
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What is the main purpose of the Krebs cycle in cellular respiration?
What is the main purpose of the Krebs cycle in cellular respiration?
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What is the total net yield of ATP from glycolysis alone?
What is the total net yield of ATP from glycolysis alone?
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Which of the following is NOT a direct product of the Krebs cycle for each acetyl-CoA processed?
Which of the following is NOT a direct product of the Krebs cycle for each acetyl-CoA processed?
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Which molecule is primarily generated during chemiosmosis for cellular energy?
Which molecule is primarily generated during chemiosmosis for cellular energy?
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What is the key function of the bc1 complex within the electron transport chain?
What is the key function of the bc1 complex within the electron transport chain?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding anaerobic respiration?
Which of the following statements is true regarding anaerobic respiration?
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Which molecule acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
Which molecule acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
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What is the primary role of beta-oxidation in cellular respiration?
What is the primary role of beta-oxidation in cellular respiration?
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During aerobic respiration, what is the expected ATP yield from one molecule of glucose?
During aerobic respiration, what is the expected ATP yield from one molecule of glucose?
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Which process is responsible for regenerating NAD⁺ in anaerobic conditions?
Which process is responsible for regenerating NAD⁺ in anaerobic conditions?
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What is produced as a byproduct during the Krebs cycle?
What is produced as a byproduct during the Krebs cycle?
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Which component is primarily responsible for ATP synthesis during the mitochondrial process?
Which component is primarily responsible for ATP synthesis during the mitochondrial process?
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Which energy carrier produces less ATP upon donating electrons to the electron transport chain?
Which energy carrier produces less ATP upon donating electrons to the electron transport chain?
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What is the main role of the antenna complex in photosynthesis?
What is the main role of the antenna complex in photosynthesis?
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Which process primarily separates CO₂ fixation from the Calvin Cycle to enhance efficiency?
Which process primarily separates CO₂ fixation from the Calvin Cycle to enhance efficiency?
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Where in the chloroplast does the Calvin Cycle occur?
Where in the chloroplast does the Calvin Cycle occur?
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Which of the following statements is true about noncyclic photophosphorylation?
Which of the following statements is true about noncyclic photophosphorylation?
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What is the function of ferredoxin in photosynthesis?
What is the function of ferredoxin in photosynthesis?
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How does C3 photosynthesis typically respond to high oxygen conditions?
How does C3 photosynthesis typically respond to high oxygen conditions?
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Which electron carrier connects Photosystem II with the b6f complex?
Which electron carrier connects Photosystem II with the b6f complex?
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What is the primary product formed from the conversion of PGAL in the Calvin Cycle?
What is the primary product formed from the conversion of PGAL in the Calvin Cycle?
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What is released as a byproduct during the light-dependent reactions?
What is released as a byproduct during the light-dependent reactions?
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Which structure in the chloroplast is primarily responsible for ATP synthesis?
Which structure in the chloroplast is primarily responsible for ATP synthesis?
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Study Notes
Complete Oxidation of Glucose Products
- Glucose is completely oxidized to 6 carbon dioxide molecules (CO₂).
- This oxidation is primarily during the Krebs cycle.
- 6 water molecules (H₂O) are produced.
- Electrons from glucose are transferred to oxygen in the electron transport chain, forming water.
- Approximately 30–32 ATP molecules are generated through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation during aerobic respiration.
- Carbon from glucose is fully oxidized to carbon dioxide.
- Aerobic respiration requires oxygen.
Breakdown by Stage
-
Glycolysis:
- Glucose is split into 2 pyruvate molecules.
- Partial oxidation yields 2 NADH and 2 net ATP.
-
Pyruvate Oxidation:
- Each pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA.
- One CO₂ is released per pyruvate.
- One NADH is produced per pyruvate.
-
Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle):
- Acetyl-CoA is further oxidized.
- Produces 2 CO₂ per cycle (per acetyl-CoA).
- 3 NADH per cycle (per acetyl-CoA).
- 1 FADH₂ per cycle (per acetyl-CoA).
- 1 ATP per cycle (per acetyl-CoA).
-
Electron Transport Chain (ETC):
- NADH and FADH₂ donate electrons, driving ATP formation.
- The electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
- Oxygen (O₂) is the final electron acceptor, reducing to water (H₂O).
- Proton gradient is created by the ETC, powering ATP synthase.
Additional Concepts
- Acetyl-CoA: Entry molecule for the Krebs cycle, formed from pyruvate during aerobic respiration.
- Aerobic Respiration: Cellular respiration using oxygen; produces CO₂, water, and ~30-32 ATP per glucose.
- Anaerobic Respiration: Respiration without oxygen; produces less ATP, and results in byproducts like ethanol or lactate.
- ATP: Primary energy currency of cells.
- ATP Synthase: Enzyme that synthesizes ATP during chemiosmosis, powered by the proton gradient.
- bc1 Complex: Part of the electron transport chain (ETC), transfers electrons and pumps protons.
- Beta-Oxidation: Process that breaks down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA for entry into the Krebs cycle.
- Chemiosmosis: Movement of protons across a membrane, driving ATP synthesis by ATP synthase.
- CO₂: Byproduct of glucose oxidation in the Krebs cycle.
- Ethanol: Product of fermentation in yeast.
- FAD: Electron carrier reduced to FADH₂ during the Krebs cycle.
- FADH₂: Electron carrier that donates electrons to the ETC, producing less ATP than NADH.
- NAD⁺: Electron carrier reduced to NADH in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.
- NADH: Electron carrier that donates electrons to the ETC for ATP production.
- NADH Dehydrogenase: First enzyme in the ETC that accepts electrons from NADH.
- Energy Yield of 1 Glucose: ~30-32 ATP in aerobic respiration; ~2 ATP under anaerobic conditions.
- Fermentation: Anaerobic process regenerating NAD⁺, producing ethanol (yeast) or lactate (animals).
- Glycolysis: Glucose breakdown into 2 pyruvate molecules; produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH.
- Krebs Cycle: Cyclical pathway in the mitochondrial matrix producing CO₂, NADH, FADH₂, and ATP.
- Mitochondrial Matrix: Inner compartment of mitochondria where the Krebs cycle occurs.
- Oxidative Phosphorylation: ATP production using energy from electrons transferred in the ETC.
- Proton Gradient: Created by the ETC; powers ATP synthase during chemiosmosis.
- Reduction: Gain of electrons by a molecule.
- Water: Final product of ETC as oxygen accepts electrons and combines with protons.
Photosynthesis
- Chloroplasts: Organelles where photosynthesis occurs, containing stroma, grana, and thylakoid membranes.
- Leaf: Main site of photosynthesis; contains stomata for gas exchange.
- Thylakoid Membrane: Location of the light-dependent reactions.
- Stroma: Fluid-filled space in the chloroplast where the Calvin Cycle (light-independent reactions) occurs.
- Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b: Main pigments that absorb light energy.
- Carotenoids: Accessory pigments that capture additional light wavelengths.
- Photosystem II (PSII): Absorbs light energy, splits water (hydrolysis), and generates electrons.
- Photosystem I (PSI): Re-energizes electrons for NADPH production.
- Antenna Complex: Collection of pigments that transfer light energy to the reaction center.
- Reaction Center: Site in photosystems where excited electrons are released.
- Plastoquinone: Electron carrier between PSII and the b6f complex.
- b6f Complex: Pumps protons (H⁺) to create a gradient for ATP synthesis.
- Plastocyanin: Carries electrons from b6f to PSI.
- Ferredoxin: Transfers electrons to reduce NADP⁺ to NADPH.
- Photon: A particle of light that excites electrons.
- Cyclic Photophosphorylation: Electrons cycle through PSI to make ATP only.
- Noncyclic Photophosphorylation: Electrons flow from water to NADP⁺, producing both ATP and NADPH.
- NADPH: Electron carrier used in the Calvin Cycle.
- CO₂: Fixed by RuBP (5C) into PGAL (3C) through the Calvin Cycle.
- RuBP (5C): Regenerated in the cycle to capture more CO₂.
- PGAL (3C): A sugar precursor, used to form glucose (6C).
- C3 Photosynthesis: Standard pathway; prone to photorespiration under high O₂ conditions.
- C4 Photosynthesis: Reduces photorespiration by separating CO₂ fixation (in mesophyll cells) and the Calvin Cycle (in bundle sheath cells) using PEP (3C) and malate (4C).
- CAM Photosynthesis: Conserves water by fixing CO₂ at night into organic acids like oxaloacetic acid (4C) and storing them for use during the day.
- Oxygen: Byproduct of water splitting in PSII.
- Glucose (6C): Main product of photosynthesis, formed from PGAL.
- Chemical Energy: Stored in ATP and NADPH.
- Photorespiration: Inefficient process where Rubisco fixes O₂ instead of CO₂.
- Stomata: Pores in leaves for gas exchange.
- Hydrolysis: Splitting of water in PSII.
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Description
Test your understanding of the complete oxidation of glucose, including the processes in glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the Krebs cycle. This quiz covers the key products and energy yield from glucose metabolism, emphasizing the stages and their significance in cellular respiration.
