Complete Blood Count and Hemoglobin Overview
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Questions and Answers

What substance is converted by the liver into urea?

  • Ammonia (correct)
  • Uric acid
  • Creatinine
  • Bilirubin

    • Which of the following factors can interfere with blood ammonia levels?

  • Consuming broad spectrum antibiotics (correct)
  • Low-fat diet
  • High intake of carbohydrates
  • Strenuous exercise (correct)

    • What is a potential consequence of liver disease as indicated in the results and significance section?

  • Elevated blood glucose
  • Hyperkalemia
  • Increase in serum creatinine levels
  • Malignant hypertension (correct)

    • Which condition is NOT associated with elevated blood ammonia levels?

    <p>Heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of checking blood ammonia levels?

    <p>Assess liver function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a Complete Blood Count (CBC) primarily provide information about?

    <p>The kinds and numbers of cells in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT typically associated with a higher erythrocyte count?

    <p>Chronic blood loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a low mean corpuscular volume (MCV) indicate?

    <p>Microcytic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for hemoglobin (Hgb) in females?

    <p>120–160 g/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT listed as an interfering factor for the Complete Blood Count (CBC) test?

    <p>Dietary fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a higher packed cell volume (PCV) indicate?

    <p>Dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used primarily for evaluating suspected acute myocardial infarction?

    <p>Myoglobin test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a normal range for myoglobin (Mb) levels?

    <p>1.0–5.3 nmol/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC)?

    <p>Increased risk for cholangiocarcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT typically associated with conjugated hyperbilirubinemia?

    <p>Gilbert syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What finding is most likely to indicate chronic liver disease?

    <p>Kayser-Fleischer ring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory test component is used to monitor liver function and is indicative of malnutrition when low?

    <p>Albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is commonly associated with the presence of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia?

    <p>Scleral icterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following infections can lead to conjugated hyperbilirubinemia?

    <p>Cholangitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario is bilirubin testing particularly indicated?

    <p>Signs of abnormal liver function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for albumin in the serum?

    <p>35–50 g/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of biliary obstruction is associated with congenital abnormalities?

    <p>Choledochal cysts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two laboratory tests are typically performed along with bilirubin testing?

    <p>Alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following lab components is the primary indicator of severe liver disease?

    <p>Ammonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is a known cause of biliary obstruction?

    <p>Cholangiocarcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of bilirubin testing in newborns?

    <p>To monitor liver function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can falsely elevate albumin levels in lab tests?

    <p>Severe dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom can indicate neurological issues related to alcohol use?

    <p>Confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with a higher platelet count?

    <p>Polycythemia vera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)?

    <p>100 mcg/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a Fasting Plasma Glucose level higher than 7.0 mmol/L indicate?

    <p>Diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can lead to a prolonged Prothrombin Time (PT)?

    <p>Warfarin therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For a client undergoing anticoagulant therapy, what is the typical normal range for aPTT?

    <p>30–40 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can influence an elevated level of BNP?

    <p>Age of the client</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the critical value for PTT?

    <blockquote> <p>100 seconds</p> </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is indicated by an elevated level of bilirubin in a urine sample?

    <p>Hepatic dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What signifies a diagnosis of diabetes in a Hemoglobin A1C test?

    <p>6.5% or above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which patient demographic is likely to experience higher levels of Natriuretic Peptides?

    <p>Post-operative patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a lower platelet count indicate?

    <p>Thrombocytopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered an interfering factor for the Fasting Plasma Glucose test?

    <p>Fasting state for 8 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition could be indicated by an INR value higher than the normal range?

    <p>Vitamin K deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Complete Blood Count (CBC)

    • Provides information about blood cell types and numbers
    • Used to assess overall health and detect various disorders like infection, anemia, inflammation, and bleeding disorders
    • Includes:
      • Erythrocyte count
      • Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
      • Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)
      • Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
      • Platelet count
      • White blood cell count (WBC)

    Hemoglobin (Hgb)

    • Protein in red blood cells (RBCs) that carries oxygen
    • Millions of hemoglobin molecules exist in each RBC
    • Lower levels may indicate chronic blood loss or decreased dietary intake
    • Higher levels may be seen in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, high altitudes, or polycythemia

    Hematocrit or Packed Cell Volume (PCV)

    • Measures the volume of cells as a percentage of total blood volume
    • Typically three times greater than hemoglobin
    • Lower levels may indicate hemorrhage, anemia, or excessive intravenous fluid infusion
    • Higher levels may indicate dehydration, COPD, or congenital heart disease

    Myoglobin (Mb)

    • Used to diagnose acute myocardial infarction and skeletal muscle disorders
    • Elevated levels suggest myocardial infarction, skeletal muscle inflammation, malignant hyperthermia, muscular dystrophy, skeletal muscle ischemia/trauma, or rhabdomyolysis

    Natriuretic Peptides: BNP/or NP-proBNT42

    • Used to diagnose and categorize patients with congestive heart failure (CHF)
    • Higher levels may indicate congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, systemic hypertension, heart transplant rejection, or cor pulmonale

    Platelet Count (Thrombocytes)

    • Measures the number of platelets in the blood
    • Lower levels (thrombocytopenia) may indicate acute leukemia, chemotherapy, hemorrhage, toxic effects of medications, systemic lupus erythematosus, viral infections, or iron deficiency
    • Higher Levels (thrombocytosis) may suggest acute infections, chronic pancreatitis, cirrhosis, collagen disorders, or polycythemia vera

    Prothrombin Time (PT)

    • Measures how long it takes blood to clot
    • Used to check for bleeding problems or the risk of excessive bleeding during surgery
    • Also used to monitor the effectiveness of blood clot prevention medication
    • Higher levels may indicate:
      • Lack of or low levels of clotting factors
      • Lack of vitamin K
      • Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), a potentially life-threatening condition

    Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT)

    • Measures other clotting factors and checks Heparin dose effectiveness
    • Also used to assess the effects of anticoagulants (Heparin, warfarin)
    • Higher levels may indicate:
      • Deficiencies of clotting factors
      • Hemophilia
      • Heparin therapy
      • Liver disease
      • Low Vitamin K levels

    International Normalized Ratio (INR)

    • Standardizes prothrombin time (PT) test results
    • Enables physicians to understand results regardless of different testing methods
    • Higher levels may indicate:
      • Lack of or low levels of clotting factors
      • Lack of vitamin K
      • Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

    Fasting Plasma Glucose Test (FBS)

    • Screens for diabetes
    • Measured after 8 hours of no caloric intake
    • Lower levels may indicate hypoglycemia
    • Higher levels may indicate prediabetes (6.0-7.0 mmol/L) or diabetes (above 7.0 mmol/L)

    Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)

    • Used for diagnosis or monitoring of diabetes
    • Higher levels may indicate diabetes

    Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c)

    • Measures average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months
    • Elevated levels can indicate poor blood glucose control in individuals with diabetes

    Urinalysis (UA)

    • Assesses the presence of infections or diseases
    • Includes tests on:
      • Appearance
      • Color
      • Odor
      • Protein
      • Specific gravity

    Bilirubin

    • Bilirubin testing involves withdrawing a blood sample
    • Used to evaluate signs of abnormal liver function
    • Elevated levels can indicate:
      • Jaundice
      • Hepatitis
      • Liver infiltration: Amyloidosis, Lymphoma, Sarcoidosis, Tuberculosis
      • Biliary obstruction
      • Infections: CMV, parasitic infections, cholangitis, cholecystitis

    Albumin (AL)

    • Component of total serum protein
    • Maintain colloidal osmotic pressure
    • Lower levels may indicate malnutrition, liver disease, ascites, inflammatory diseases, autoimmune disorders, or gastrointestinal malabsorption syndromes
    • Higher levels may indicate severe dehydration

    Ammonia (AMM, NH3)

    • Measures the amount of ammonia in the blood
    • The liver converts ammonia to urea, which is excreted in the kidneys
    • Lower levels may indicate essential or malignant hypertension
    • Higher levels may indicate liver disease (cirrhosis or hepatitis), Reye syndrome, heart failure, kidney failure, or severe bleeding from the stomach or intestines

    Amylase (AMY)

    • Used to diagnose pancreatitis
    • Higher levels may indicate acute pancreatitis or chronic pancreatitis

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    Description

    This quiz covers essential concepts related to Complete Blood Count (CBC), Hemoglobin (Hgb), and Hematocrit (PCV). Understand the significance of various blood components, their normal ranges, and implications of their levels on overall health. Test your knowledge on how these indicators help in diagnosing various health conditions.

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